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A History of the Brain. Stanford.edu. Web. 27 January 2011.
http://www.stanford.edu/class/history13/earlysciencelab/body/brainpages/brain.html
American Experience: The Lobotomist. PBS.org. Web. 26 January 2011.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lobotomist/
Myers, David G. Exploring Psychology. New York: Worth, 2005. Print. 25 January 2011.
Phineas Gage. Youtube.com. Web. 26 January 2011.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXiM-nDYzX0
The Secret Life of the Brain: History of the Brain. PBS.org. Web. 26 January 2011.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/history/index.html
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Egas Moniz oversees pre-frontal leucotomies as a treatment for depression. Leucotomy, the forefather of lobotomy, involves severing the connections between the pre-frontal cortex and the rest of the brain. Twenty-seven patients had the surgery, and twenty of them recovered from depression, with the other seven improving. However, many suffered from personality changes just like Phineas Gage.
Evidencce is found that prehistoric man practiced trepanation - a form of brain surgery in which a hole was bored through the skull. It is thought that this operation was not only performed for spiritual and magical reasons, but to treat headaches, epilepsy, and mental illnesses.
Sigmund Freud publishes his groundbreaking work, The Interpretation of Dreams.
Phineas Gage was working on packing gunpowder into a rock with a tamping rod. However, disaster struck when the gunpowder was ignited, and the rod used to pack down the gunpowder was shot up through his left cheek an out the top of his skull. Gage not only lived, but was able to get up and speak, appearing to not be injured at all. However, it was soon discovered that Gage was not the same man he had been before the accident.
U.S. President George Bush declares the decade starting in 1990 the "Decade of the Brain."
The human electroencephalograph is invented. It is an instrument for measuring and recording the electrical activity of the brain
Ancient Sumerian writings are found of the mind-altering sensations caused by eating the poppy plant.
During the Middle Ages, brain studies are put to a stop due to the church banning human dissection and the study of anatomy.
The French philosopher, Rene Descartes, proposes that the brain functions like a machine. He claims that nerves are filled with "animal spirits," and carry motor and sensory information.
Emil Kraepelin is the first to describe manic depression as a separate illness from schizophrenia.
German physician, Franz Gall, invents phrenology - the theory claiming that bumps on the skull could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits.
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric Kandel are awardered the Nobel Prize for discoveries regarding signal transduction. Signal transduction happens when a message from a nerve cell is transmitted to another through a chemical transmitter.
M. E. Phelps, E. J. Hoffman, and M. M. Ter Pogossian develop the first Positron Emission Topography (PET) scanner. The PET scanner is used to monitor things such as blood flow and oxygen utilization in the brain.
Paul Broca determines the location of the speech center of the brain. His findings came from a patient who had suffered a stroke, and who could understand the language, but no longer had the ability to speak.
Walter Freeman and James W. Watts perform the first lobotomy in the U.S.A.
Researches are able to predict people's decisions 7 seconds before they are aware of making them, by the use of brain scanners.
Herman Rorschach develops the ink blob test. In this test half the ink blots are black and white, and the other half are in color. A subject is asked to describe the picture and their responses are analyzed or "scored." It is used to find individual personality traits and disorders. It had recently become out of favor due to the difficulty of validating independent results.
Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky describe rapid eye movement (REM). At the time, scientists had believed that the brain was inactive during sleep. However, Aserinsky was able to record the brain activity of a sleeping person and discovered that their electrical pattern was similar to that of someone who was awake.
A Hole in the Head is released featuring Frank Sinatra. YAY!!!