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First people to win self rule during this period

Ottomans

Controlled most of the Balkan region

Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia

European Support

Russians connected to the Greek Orthodox Christians who were ruled by the Muslin Ottomans

Educated Europeans loved and respected ancient Greek culture

Greece On The Ruins of Missolonghi

Eugene Delacroix

Belgium

Nationalist riots broke out against Dutch rule in the Belgian city of Brussels

October 1830

Belgians seceded & declared their independence

The Poles

An armed rebellion in partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire

Led Warsaw officers

Took the Russian army almost a year to crush the uprising

Italy

Nationalists working to unite the city-states of Italy were but down by the Austrian Prince Metternich & by the Pope

1830s Uprisings

Year of Revolution

Revolutionary leaders wanted a democratic constitution & centralized Hungarian nation

Minority groups

(Croats, Serbs, & Romanians)

wanted autonomy

Promised

  • liberal constitution
  • union with German state
  • distracted by Denmark's claim to Schleswig & Holstein
  • land was occupied by Germans
  • Called on Prussian army thus sparking war
  • Named Frederick Emperor

1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite

Ferdinand I of Austria

Metternich

Kossuth

Francis Joseph

Frederick William IV of Prussia

Frankfurt Assembly

Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail?

Only in France was the demand for a democratic government the main goal

Louis-Napoleon

Bonaparte

Radicals Change France

assassinated by anarchists

Reform In Russia

1827

Battle of Navarino

British, French, and Russian fleets destroyed the Ottomans

Taboo Review

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

Greeks rebelled against the Ottoman Turks

  • Ottomans
  • Balkans
  • Battle of Navarino
  • Delacroix

1830

1821

Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece

  • dissatisfaction with leadership
  • demands for democracy
  • developing nationalism

Greeks Gain Independence

Liberalism

Conservatism

Greece is depicted as a kneeling woman

Black man wearing a yellow turban symbolizes the enemy

Frederick William IV

artisans & factory workers + middle class liberals

  • disbanded Assembly
  • created a conservative constitution
  • Tried to get other German states to elect him emperor

VS

Frederick William IV

Taboo Review

Frankfurt Assembly

Planting flag = Ottomans claiming land

Clothing is symbolic of revolution and lady liberty

Francis Joseph

The Austrian-Hapsburg Empire

Dead hand = death of Greeks

Budapest

Louis Kossuth

led liberal efforts

Led conservative effort, assisted by Russia, that crushed liberal revolts

peasants lost interest in revolution

serfdom

abolished

fled to London

Metternich

Wanted...

  • national autonomy
  • full civil liberties
  • universal suffrage

urban class division

socialist workshops & universal suffrage

rule of law

Alexander II

Independent courts

Industrialized

promised reforms & a liberal constitution after Viennese students/workers & peasants throughout empire revolted

Ferdinand I of Austria

Legal System

1881

Zemstvo

Due to the combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire

  • locally elected council
  • remained subordinate to aristocracy

1856

Russia Lost

  • collective ownership made it difficult to improve agricultural methods
  • each community had 49 years to pay government back
  • aristocracy kept 1/2 of the land

modernization

Edict of Emancipation

1861

Goal

Reactionary

Crimean War

  • Tightened czarist control over the country
  • Encouraged industrial development

Alexander III

1853

Czar Nicholas I

  • Minister of Finance
  • Industrial surge (1890-1900)
  • doubled railroads
  • established tariffs
  • used gold standard
  • encouraged foreign investment

Sergei Witte

Problem

South

  • Catholic
  • Spoke French
  • High unemployment
  • Industrial unrest
  • Multinational state
  • Military conquest
  • Absolutist
  • Agrarian economy

Solution

Charles X

  • Modernization
  • "king of the French people" turned "bourgeois monarch"
  • lack of social legislation
  • self-interested
  • wanted to re-establish old order
  • used military campaigns to bolster nationalism (Algeria)
  • Revoked Constitutional Charter (voting & press)

Louis-Philippe

Taboo Review

  • Nicholas I
  • Crimean War
  • Alexander II
  • Edict of Emancipation
  • Zemstvo
  • Alexander III
  • Serge Witte

Revolt in Paris by workers & students

Refusal to consider electoral reform

  • Uncle's romanticized legacy
  • Middle class wanted protection from socialist urban workers
  • Program of industrialized reform
  • wanted temporary relief
  • opposed further social measures

Moderate Liberals

2nd Republic

universal male suffrage, freed slaves in colonies, abolished death penalty, established a 10 hour work day in Paris

France's Second Republic

vs

Radical Republicans

Political Factions

  • opposed capitalism
  • advocated unionization

How?

high unemployment & worsening depression

  • Charles X
  • Louis-Philippe
  • 2nd Republic
  • June Days
  • Napoleon III

Napoleon III's Second Empire

Compromise

national workshops

pick & shovel programs

Taboo Review

  • Granted universal male suffrage
  • Invested in banking and railroads
  • Public works programs; rebuilt Paris
  • Success
  • wages & profits increased
  • unemployment decreased
  • better housing
  • granted unionization
  • Conservatism decreased with shift in public mood & age

Dissolved conservative National Assembly

Assembly dissolved workshops in Paris & gave works choice of army or workshops in countryside

Artisans & unskilled workers invaded Constituent Assembly

Paris Barricades spark June Days

aka Napoleon III

Why did France's Third Republic fail?

What consequences did Alexander's reforms have on Russia?

What was the driving force behind Russia's industrial expansion?

Why did some liberals disapprove of the way Louis-Napoleon ruled France after the uprisings in 1848?

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