When is it okay to take over another person or country?
How do you maintain power over another?
Imperialism
The seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country
Direct
Methods
Nations Compete For Overseas Empires
"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
- Commissioned Stanley to obtain land in the Congo
- Established the Belgian Congo, which was 80 times larger than Belgium
- Claimed motive for establishing the colony was to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity
- However, he exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber plants
- 10 million Congolese died due to his reign
- Forced the Belgian government to seize Leopold's land
- This alarmed France who had interests in the region
Many Europeans believed that they were better than other people...
Berlin Conference
- Any sovereign power which wanted to claim any territory should inform the other powers
- Any such annexation should be valifated by effective occupation
- Treaties with African rulers were to be considred a valid title to soveriegnty
Liberia & Ethiopia
- The Dutch were the first to settle in South Africa
- Boers/Afrikaners (Dutch settlers/farmers) gradually took African land
- When the British moved in, the Boers began to move north in the Great Trek where they encountered Zulus
Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance
- Emperor
- Successfully played Italians, French, and British against each other
- Built up a large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia
- Declared war on Italy after the language in a treaty made him believe he was giving away part of his land
- Battle of Adowa: Ethopians successfully defeated the Italians and kept the nation independent
Ottoman Empire Loses Power
1566
1789
1830
Greek and Serbian independence movements stir up nationalist feelings in the Ottoman Empire
1830
Crimean War
- Russia wanted access to the Black Sea which was controlled by the Ottomans
- Britain and France wanted to prevent Russia from gaining too much power so they fight witht he Ottomans
- 1st war in history where women established their position as army nurses (Florence Nightingale)
1869
Suez Canal
- Connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
- Built with French money but with Egyptian labor
- Egypt couldn't pay its European bankers the interest on its $450 million debt due to other modernization efforts
- Britain took financial control of the canal
Sparked by a rumor that the sepoys were using beef and pork fat to grease the cartridges of their rifles
When 85 of the 90 Sepoys refussed to accept the cartridges, the British put them in jail
It took the East India Company more than a year to put down the rebellion
As a result, the British government took direct command of India
Shooting An Elephant
China & The West
1790s
China was not interested in the "strange objects" that the West was offering
Taiping Rebellion
Poor peasants and workers resented special privileges granted to foreigners and Chinese Christains who adopted a foreign faith
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
- Opium War
- Extraterritoriality
- Taiping Rebellion
- Sphere of Influence
- Open Door Policy
- Boxer Rebellion
- Dowager Empress Cixi
- Emperor Guangzu
- Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
- Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
- Treaty of Nanking
- "enlightened rule"
- lasted 45 years
- Modernized/Westernized Japan
- Japan forced Korea to open three ports to trade
- China considered area an important trade/military outpost
- Resulted in a "hands-off" agreement
- China broke promise in order to help Korea's king put down rebellions
- Japan sent troops, pushed China out of Korea, destroyed the Chinese navy, and gained parts of Manchuria
- Treaty resulted in Japan's first colonies (Taiwan, etc.)
- Japan and Russia fought over Manchuria
- Japan offered to recognize Russia's rights in the region if Russia would agree to stay out of Korea
- Russians refussed
Storyteller
- Matthew Perry
- Millard Fillmore
- Treaty of Kanagawa
- Meiji Restoration
- Emperor Mutsuhito
- Westernization
- Sino-Japanese War
- Russo-Japanese War
- Treaty of Portsmouth
- Manchuria
- Annexation
British Imperialism In India
Modernization In Japan
Large Population
China was self-sufficient
- Agriculture; rice, maize, sweet potatoes
- Mining/manufacturing; salt, tin, silver, iron
- Production: silk, cotton, porcelain
Hindus
Muslims
China
Favorable Balance of Trade
The Sepoy Mutiny
Raj
1800s
Refers to British rule during Queen Victoria's reign
Opium
Setting The Stage
- Began in 1600s
- Established trading posts
- Mughal Empire was collapsing
British East India Company
- Made from the poppy plant
- Habit-forming
- Chinese had been using it to relieve pain for hundreds of years
- As a result of the British, 12 million Chinese people were addicted by 1835
Joint-Stock Company
Taboo Review
Transported plantation crops (tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, cotton, & jute)
George Orwell's
Railroads
How did the British expand control over India?
- British government regulated the company
- Company had its own army staffed by sepoys (Indian Soldiers)
East India Company Dominates
Britain set up restrictions that prevented the Indian economy from operating on its own...
- India could only sell materials to and purchase goods from Britain
- Britain prohibited Indian competition with British goods
- China gave up trading rights in many ports
- Hong Kong went to Britain
- Extraterritoriality: foreigners were not subject to Chinese law (at certain ports)
8 min
Major supplier of raw materials and potentially large market for British goods
Treaty of Nanking
Jewel In The Crown
- Sepoy
- Joint-Stock Company
- Jewel In The Crown
- Sepoy Mutiny
- Raj
- George Orwell
Opium War
Taboo Review
- Qing emperor was angry so he wrote a letter to Queen Victoria about the problem
- Britain refussed to stop trading opium
- Took place mostly at sea
- China's outdated ships were no match for Britain's steam-powered gunboats
Sino-Japanese War
- Isolationists
- Tokugawa shoguns practiced feudalism
17th Century
Setting The Stage
- Westerners wanted access but Japan refussed
- Massive black wooden ships powered by steam wowed the region
- Shogunate welcomed Perry
Japan Ends Its Isolation
The demand for foreign trade...
Meiji Restoration
Annexation
- Japan brought Korea into their control
- Ruled harshly
U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry
Meiji Reform and Modernization
Mutsuhito
- Japanese were angry with the shogun
- Turned towards the young emperor because he symbolized nationalism
- Tokugawa stepped down, ending the military dictatorship
Russo-Japanese War
- U.S. President sent a letter that asked for free trade
- Perry delivered it with a threat (we will come back with a larger fleet)
Treaty of Kanagawa
- Japan opened two ports
- Cont. of Open Door Policy
Treaty of Portsmouth
- Japan launched a surprise attack and destroyed most of Russia's fleet
- U.S. President Roosevelt helped draft peace treaty
- Gave Japan captured territories and forced Russia to withdraw from Manchuria
Population Boom
- 430 Million by 1850 (30% gain in only 60 years)
- Food production couldn't match pace
Qing Dynasty
Chinese began to rebel against
Growing Internal Problems
Mid 19th C
"Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"
- All Chinese people would share China's wealth
- Started in the South
- Peasant army of one million
- Eventually Nanking was captured and declared the new capital
Chinese word for "great peace"
African Resistance
Motives, Forms, & Methods
Menelik II
- Government leaders feuded among themselves
- Qing, British, and French forces all launched attacks
- At least 20 million died in the rebellion
- Included active military and religious
Unsuccessful Movements
- 1860s & 1880s: Gold and silver were discovered in South Africa
- Boers blamed the British for the influx of "outsiders"
- Considered the first modern "total" war
- Boers used guerrilla tactics while the British burned Boer farms and imprisoned women and children
- Britain won and established a colony
Maji Maji Rebellion
China Resists Outside Influence
African villagers in German East Africa believed that a magic water (maji-maji) sprinkled on their bodies would turn the Germans' bullets into water
- Imperialism
- Racism
- Social Darwinism
- Berlin Conference
- Shaka
- Boer/Afrikaner
- Boer War
- King Leopold II
- Dr. Livingstone
- The Great Trek
- Maji Maji Rebllion
- Menelik II
- Ethiopia
The Boer War
Imperialism
Three Groups Clash Over South Africa
- Zulus: South African tribe that placed an emphasis on military organization and skill
- Lead by Shaka Zulu
- The Zulus were attempting to spread their empire at the same time Britain was. As a result, the two went to war.
- The Zulus were defeated because Britain had more advanced technology
Zulus Fight The British
Boers and British Settle in the Cape
Dowager Empress Cixi
- Held power of the Qing imperial palace
- Backed the self-strengthening movement (education, diplomacy, military)
- Set-up factories to manufacture steam-powered items
- Foreign nations take advantage of China
- Poor treaty negotiations led to European control
- An area in which a foreign nation controlled trade and investment
Sphere of Influence
Forms
Motives
Foreign Influence Grows
Political
Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
Based on the desire to gain power, nations exercise military force to increase national pride and security
- Foreign officals brought in to rule
- No self-rule
- Goal: assimilation
- Government institutions are based only on European styles
- U.S. worried that other nations would divide China into formal colonies and shut out American traders
- Solution was to open China's "doors" to merchants of all nations
Open Door Policy
Ideological
1867
Based on the belief that Europeans were superior
Colony
Economic
Indirect
The Division of Africa
Protectorate
A country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power
Exploratory
Sphere of Influence
An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments
- Local government officals used
- Limited self-rule
- Goal: to develop future leaders
- Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules
A country or a territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
Based on investigating the unknown
With little regard or representation for native Africans, the European powers set about carving up Africa according to the following guidelines:
Religious
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
France began to expand from the West African Coast to western Sudan
Aims to spread European beliefs and values
1880
Only areas of Africa that remained independent by 1900
Egypt Initiates Reforms
Europeans Grab Territory
Emperor Guangxu
- Chinese wanted strong reforms to remove outside influence
- Attempted to modernize
- Many Qing officials saw efforts as threatening their power so they called back the Dowager Empress
- She arrested Guangxu, reversed his reforms
Reforms Fail
An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism
Taboo Review
The Great Game
Geopolitics
The Boxer Rebellion
- Secret organization
- Kept Beijing under siege for several months
- Dowager Empress supported the Boxers but did not provide military aid
- Multinational force of 19,000 troops defeated Boxers
- Despite losing, naitonalism grew
- Last great Ottoman sultan died
- Caused factions and weakened the economy
The Scramble For Africa
- Suleyman I
- Selim III
- Geopolitics
- Crimean War
- Florence Nightingale
- The Great Game
- Suez Canal
- Great Britain and Russia wanted Muslim langs in Cnetral Asia
- War over India, Britain's most profitable colonies
- Afghanistan became the battle ground because it lay between the Russian and British empires
An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
Suleyman I
Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness
Nationalism
"I contend that we [Britons] are the first race in the world...."
Cecil Rhodes
Europeans were farther along the evolutionary scale
Social Darwinism
Forces Driving Imperialism
Survival of the fittest society
The belief that one race is superior to others
Racism
need for new markets and raw materials
Industrial Revolution
"All countries should have equal access to strategic waterways such as the Suez Canal"
Attempted to modernize the army but the janissary corps resisted his efforts
Selim III
Debate
Setting The Stage
However...
- African armies kept Europeans out of most of Africa for 400 years
- Africans had highly specialized pre-existing trade networks
- Interior of Africa was difficult to navigate without specific technology
- Disease discouraged exploration
Europeans first established contact with sub-Saharan Africans
King Leopold II of Belgium
1450s
- 1871: Found Livingstone on the shores of Lake Tanganyika
Write a dialogue between two of Dowager Empress Cixi's advisers- one arguing for continued isolation, the other for openness to foreign influence and trade.
Henry Stanley
- American newspaper hired him to find Livingstone
Africa Before European Domination
- 1860s
- Missionary from Scotland
Dr. Livingstone
Missionaries
Humanitarians
Who?
Explorers
- hundreds of linguistic and ethnic groups
- traditional beliefs vs. christianity
- large empires vs. independent villages
Africa Was Divided
Taboo Review