Disaster Management 1

Disaster can be measure by the amount of deaths

"Multiple fatalities will almost certainly be regarded as disasters; however, they are not necessary for a condition for an event to be perceived as a disaster" (Horlick-Jones & Peters, 1991)

-Affected population starts taking control of the situation themselves. There isn't a set time where it turns from response to recovery, it is gradual.

-This continues until all population and community returns to normal.

-Short term and long term changes are included within recovery. Includes temporary housing, public information, health and safety education, reconstruction, counseling, data collection related to rebuilding, documentation of disaster.

Common reactions: Shock, numbness, disbelief, fear, grief, flashbacks, anger, guilt, feeling overwhelmed, temporary memory loss, need to contact family members, need for information, anxiety, depression

Types of Disasters

Healthy People 2020 on disaster preparedness

Levels of Prevention

Intro Video

Natural Disasters:

Man-made Disasters:

Terms

Primary:

Bradford Disaster Scale

Defining Disaster

Quantitatively

What is a

disaster?

Disaster Management

-Plans for possible disasters should be made

-Inform the public on what precautions should be took in case of possible disaster

examples: public education, disaster plans, pack supplies

Terms

Plane crash

Train derailment

Car crash

Bombing

Fire

Terrorism

Fatality scale, starting at 10 deaths, then:

32 deaths= magnitude 1.5

95 deaths= magnitude 1.98

166 deaths= magnitude 2.22

1000 deaths= magnitude 3.0

25000 deaths= magnitude 4.38

destruction of the planet= magnitude 10

(Horlick-Jones & Peters, 1991)

Emergency- "A sudden, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or occasion" (Dictionary.com)

Vulnerability- "The diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made hazard" (Dictionary.com)

Risk- "exposure to the chance of injury or loss; a hazard or dangerous chance" (Dictionary.com)

Biological threat

Chemical Threat

Drought

Earthquake

Fire

Flood

Heat

Hurricane

Landslide

Radiation/Nuclear

Tornado

Tsunami

Volcano

Wildfire

Winter Storm

Secondary:

*Goal

Improve the Nation’s ability to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from a major health incident

*Overview

Preparedness involves Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, communities, and individuals working together to improve the Nation’s ability to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from a major health incident. The Healthy People 2020 objectives for preparedness are based on a set of national priorities articulated in the National Health Security Strategy of the United States of America (NHSS). The overarching goals of NHSS are to build community resilience and to strengthen and sustain health and emergency response systems

Ryan Keenan

Jamie Pinkas

Ariana Yudkowsky

-Decrease effects of disaster on community

examples: therapists, social workers, healthy copine strategies, support groups

"An event associated with the impact of a natural hazard, which leads to increased mortality, illness and/or injury, and destroys or disrupts livelihoods affecting the people or an area such that they (and/or outsiders) perceive it as being exceptional and requiring external assistance for recovery" Cannon, 1994

Disaster Management- "The body of policy, administrative decisions and operational activities required to prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and repair the effects of natural or man-made disasters" (United Nations)

Hazard- "Any source of potential damage, harm, or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions" (OSH)

Tertiary:

-Help victims deal with long term effects of disaster

examples: individual, group, and family therapy, pharmaceuticals, hospitalization, rehab, support groups

Disaster Management Cycle

Recovery

Who is Responsible?

Mitigation

Recovery

Cont'd

How can YOU prepare for a disaster?

Response

Preparation

Disaster Management Cycle

-The process of eliminating and reducing probability of a disaster, as well as decrease possible effects.

How do NURSES prepare for a disaster?

*State:

-Monitor and review situation reports

-Activate State EOC

-Proclaim State of Emergency by Governor

-Request Federal Assistance

*Federal:

-FEMA (federal emergency management agency)

-Work with State & Local Government to identify destruction and damage

-Approve/deny request for Federal Assistance

-Appoint FCO (Federal Coordinating Officer)

-Activate procedures in National Response Framework

-FEMA and American Red Cross Coordinate efforts/ resources to assist disaster

-Know what environment you live in!

-Extreme winter storms

-Flooding

-Drought

-Hurricane

-Earthquake

-Tornado

-FEMA sets up disaster recovery centers

-Disaster Housing

-Disaster Grants

-Low-Interest Disaster Grants

-Crisis Counseling

-Knowing all of the different possible effects of a disaster on the community and achieving a satisfactory level of readiness to respond to a disaster.

-Taking action NOW to avoid a future disaster

* Local Response:

-Emergency Personnel, Shelters, Food

-Activate Emergency Operations Center & Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan

-Communicate & work with Private and Community Groups

-Notify State Emergency Management Agency by completing situation reports

-Proclaim a local state of emergency

-Request State assistance & State Homeland Security

-Provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health, and support the morale of the affected population.

-The focus of the response phase is meeting the basic needs of the people until more permanent and sustainable solutions can be found

-What are some ways we can see mitigation in our everyday life?

Preparedness- planning how to respond

Response- efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster

Recovery- returning the community to normal

Mitigation- Minimizing the effects of a possible disaster

-How to make a plan:

-Planning individually as well as with the community on what measures to take to ensure safety during a disaster

-Learn the emergency procedures of the hospital

you work in

-Make sure proper credentials are at hand

-Emergency System for Advanced Registration of

Volunteer Health Professionals

-Know your role as a nurse in the hospital in the event of a disaster

• fire drills, safety cods (max. occupancy), zoning codes

-Become informed with what disasters pose a threat and what precautions your community has in place

-Talk with family to create evacuation plan

-Set up a meeting place with a family member or friend outside of the disaster zone

-Make an emergency kit & collect necessary supplies

-PRACTICE!

-Other assistance available:

-American Red Cross

-Salvation Army

-Local Volunteers

-Faith-based Organizations

Psychological Effects

of a disaster

Triage

Bioterrorism

Triage

Binghamton Flood

2011

Characteristics of a Triage Nurse

Hurricane Katrina

2005

Bioterrorism agents can be separated into three categories, depending on how easily they can be spread and the severity of illness or death that they cause

-The deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants

Hurricane Sandy 2012

Triage levels:

1-Emergent

2-Urgent

3-Non Urgent

• In the Binghamton area, about 20,000 residents were ordered to evacuate as the Susquehanna set records by cresting higher than 25 feet that night and flowing over the city’s retaining walls.

-The process by which patients are classified according to the type and urgency of their condition to get the right patient to the right place at the right time with the right care provider

-Typically found in nature, but agents may be altered to increase their ability to cause disease, make resistant to current medications, or increase their ability to spread in the environment

Category A:

High priority agents include organisms and toxins that pose the highest risk to the public and national security

• The degree of psychological stress depends on the nature of the disaster, individuals role in the disaster, individual stamina, and other environmental factors

• President Obama quickly approved the governors request to declare the flooded region a major disaster area, which cleared the way for the federal government to provide financial assistance and resources to the state and local governments.

-Can be spread through air, water or food (directly or indirectly)

-Extensive knowledge to emergency medical treatment

- Adequate training and competent skills, language, and terminology

-Ability to use the critical thinker process

-Good decision maker

• How can we apply the disaster management cycle to this scenario?

2 types:

a)Non-disaster- provide the best care to each individual patient

a)Multi casualty disaster- provide the most effective care for the greatest amount of people

Category B:

Second highest priority

-Terrorists use biological agents because they are extremely difficult to detect, and cause a delayed

illness

• How did these nurses know what to do?

• FEMA helped supply 100,000 liters of drinking water to the area, as well as meals and cots and blankets

PTSD: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It can occur after you've seen or experienced a traumatic event that involved the threat of injury or death.

• What are our roles as nurses in regard to preparation?

Category C:

Include emerging pathogens that can be engineered for mass spread in the future

-CDC