Civil War Part II

What was it like to be involved in hand to hand combat?

Gettysburg – the second turning point

How to Use this Online Lecture

The Progress of the War

Lincoln’s Attitude Changes

The Civil War

http://www.clangrant-us.org/ulysses_s_grant.htm

"Seconds are centuries, minutes ages. Men fire into each other's face, not five feet apart. There are bayonet thrusts, sabre strokes, pistol shots...men going down on their hands and knees, spinning round like tops, throwing out their arms, gulping blood, falling; legless, armless, headless. There are ghastly heaps of dead men."-

Survivor of Pickett's Charge at Gettysburg

“The proportions of this rebellion were not for a long time understood. I saw that it involved the greatest difficulties, and would call forth all the powers of the whole country.”

--June 2, 1863

Continued Union failure in the East

Fredericksburg & Chancellorsville

Stonewall Jackson killed by friendly fire

Continued success in the West

Forces under Ulysses S. Grant won Forts Henry and Donelson & Shiloh

Capture of New Orleans gave Union full control of Mississippi River

Later Phase – 1863 to End

Technology, Medicine,

and Society

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What it was: Second planned invasion of Northern soil by Confederates

Purpose: Distract Union from war in the West, end civilian support for the war

Gettysburg, PA, was chosen (according to legend) because there was a warehouse with a supply of shoes in town. The Union already occupied the high ground, which was a great disadvantage for Lee.

All the pictures on this page are of casualties of the Battle of Gettysburg. Some were staged by photographers to make more of an impact on the viewing public, but others were taken “as is.” Note how swollen the bodies became in the July heat.

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/gettysburg-battle-pictures.htm

http://www.sfmuseum.org/bio/sherman.html

http://www.historyking.com/images/How-Many-People-Died-In-The-Battle-Of-Gettysburg.jpg

“Unconditional Surrender” Grant

What made Gettysburg a turning point?

Ulysses S. Grant takes control

Total War

William Tecumseh Sherman

…on February 26, 1864 Congress resurrected the rank of lieutenant general, held previously only by George Washington. …Lincoln was heard to say, "I don't know General Grant's plans, and I don't want to know them. Thank God, I've got a general at last!"

http://uspoliticsguide.com/US-Politics-Directory/US-Politcal-Historical-Speeches/Gettysburg-Address.htm

All available resources (people and materials) are dedicated to the war effort.

Civilians are targeted along with military.

http://faculty.css.edu/mkelsey/usgrant/rank.html

“We have met a man this time, who either does not know when he is whipped, or who cares not if he loses his whole army.” – Southern soldier

“I cannot spare this man. He fights.” – Abraham Lincoln

“If the people raise a howl against my barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war, and not popularity-seeking. If they want peace, they and their relatives must stop the war.”

* Last major offensive action of the armies of the CSA

* Outcome was so bad for South, Lee offered to resign

* Forced South to return to a defensive strategy

* Union troops’ numerical advantage overwhelmed South

* Lincoln defined vision of postwar America - democracy would not be changed just because of the conflict

“The art of war is simple enough. Find out where your enemy is. Get at him as soon as you can. Strike him as hard as you can, and keep moving on.”

* Not afraid of casualties

* Understands Northern advantages

Forces Lee to keep men in the field

* Uses war of attrition to his advantage

Sieges of Vicksburg and Petersburg, two important Confederate cities, can’t be broken by smaller Confederate forces

SIEGE - surrounding a location with troops so that nothing can get in or out

Movement on Richmond (Confederate capital)

* Shift to “total war” approach

We are not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, and we must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war. – William T. Sherman, about the burning of Atlanta

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war

The Gettysburg Address

http://thinkexist.com/quotation/the_art_of_war_is_simple_enough-find_out_where/150884.html

http://sachemlibrary.org/department/reference/advisor/Lincoln.html

http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/UlyssesSGrant

http://www.aeragon.com/03/

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Lee Surrenders – Appomattox Court House, VA

Railroads

Why did the South lose?

Communication (Telegraph)‏

Differences by Proportion

Aerial Observation

Technology

Comparing North and South

* Grant surrounds Richmond

* Grant, Sherman, Sheridan on the move

* Sheridan’s forces surround Lee’s army

* Lee offers surrender, April 9th, 1865.

* The last Confederate army did not surrender until June of 1865.

Ironclad ships (later became submarines)

* Outnumbered, outgunned, outspent

* RRDs, telegraph, rifles made Fabian strategy (avoiding battles) useless

* Would not use guerrilla warfare until end

* Confederate form of gov’t made it hard to coordinate efforts - states were free to pursue whatever strategy they chose

Rifles

Torpedoes

Divided upper South from lower South

Deprived Confederacy of crops, supplies, materials, transportation

Fueled resentment of the US government by former Confederates after the war

http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/Appomattox-Virginia-House-McLean.htm

Mines

Photography

http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/2800/2889/2889.htm

http://langecivilwar4b.wikispaces.com/Shermans+March+to+the+Sea

“A Rich Man’s War But A Poor Man’s Fight”

A commonly accepted practice

Who Fought in the War?

Medical Care

Minie Balls

Social Impact

How the war affected everyday life

Both sides were forced to use conscription (the draft) to fill their ranks.

South – Spring of 1862, North – 1863

Draft riots in NYC – worst riots in US history

Both sides allowed the wealthy to avoid the draft by paying a fine or hiring a substitute.

South – needed plantation farming

North – immigrants often enlisted multiple times

620,000 + men died (1 in 4 soldiers); one-third from battle wounds

Fatalities - Three of five Union soldiers and two of three Confederate soldiers died of disease and infection, not battle wounds (yellow fever, malaria, small pox, typhoid, dysentery, to name a few)‏

The nickname, “sawbones” comes from this era

The only available treatment for injury: Amputation

http://stonesrivertrading.com/bullets_and_cartridges.htm

http://www.learner.org/courses/amerhistory/resource_archive/resource.php?unitChoice=9&ThemeNum=1&resourceType=1&resourceID=10002

http://www.proteacher.com/redirect.php?goto=4305

http://ejhscomp.pbworks.com/f/Ethan_MinieBall.html

http://firearmshistory.blogspot.com/2010/05/rifling-expanding-bullets-and-minie.html

http://www.civilwar-pictures.com/articles/civil-war-art/civil-war-posters/

Expansion West Continues

Last war using drummer boys

Changes for Women

Clara Barton Quotes

Whoops ... nothing to see here...

“What could I do but go with them [the soldiers], or work for them and my country? The patriot blood of my father was warm in my veins.”

http://www.totalgettysburg.com/civil-war-surgery.html

http://www.civilwarhome.com/medicinehistory.htm

Nursing opens to women

Influenced by example of Florence Nightingale

Clara Barton – American Red Cross founder

Catholic nuns – treated all victims

Women in charge of the home front

Spies

Harriet Tubman served as a spy during the Civil War, in addition to being a famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad

While watching these battle lines so grand to look upon, but so terrible to think of when you remember the frightful waste of human lives they caused, the call came; "Bring the stretchers, a man hurt." Myself and Demas took the stretchers to look for the man, … who proved to be Bradford (our older brother) .... We were little more than children and the shock to us can be better imagined than described. …We carried him to the shallow ditch by the railroad a few rods to the rear, where the temporary field hospital was located… We then placed him in an ambulance still alive and conscious. We bid him goodbye and never saw him again. He only lived a short time and occupies an unknown grave.

Morrill Tariff Act

Homestead Act of 1862

Morrill Land Grant Act

Pacific Railway Act – 1863

National Bank Act

“I may sometimes be willing to teach for nothing, but if paid at all, I shall never do a man's work for less than a man's pay.”

http://www.middletownfreelibrary.org/?p=3743

Laws to encourage western settlement that the South couldn’t block in Congress

http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/Drummer-Civil-Boys-War.htm

http://www.braceface.com/medical/Civil_War_Articles/Civil_War_medical_containers_bottles_jars_tins.htm

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war-medicine.htm

I’m a Good Ole Rebel

“The Veteran in a New Field”

Impact of the Civil War

Compare the attitude of the "Good Ole Rebel" with

the following image:

The End

Oh, I'm a good old rebel

Now that’s just what I am

And for this Yankee nation

I do not give a damn.

I'm glad I fit (fought) against 'er

I only wish we'd won

I ain't asked any pardon

For anything I've done.

I hates the Yankee nation

And everything they do

I hates the declaration

Of independence too.

I hates the glorious union

'Tis dripping with our blood

I hates the striped banner

And fit (fought) it all I could.

Three hundred thousand Yankees

Is stiff in southern dust

We got three hundred thousand

Before they conquered us.

They died of southern fever

And southern steel and shot

I wish they was three million

Instead of what we got.

I can't take up my musket

And fight 'em down no mo'

But I ain't a-goin' to love 'em

Now that is serten sho. (certain sure.)

And I don't want no pardon

For what I was and am

I won't be reconstructed

And I do not give a damn.

Increased industrialization of North

Shortage of labor

Increased mechanization (using machines)

Bigger gap between wealthy and poor

Destruction of Southern infrastructure/ economy

Freedom for black Americans; backlash and resentment from whites

Growth of the West and rise of farmers’ groups

I rode with Robert E. Lee

For three years there about

Got wounded in four places

And I starved at Pint Lookout.

I coutch the roomatism

Campin' in the snow

But I killed a chance of Yankees

And I'd like to kill some mo'.