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Self-Perceptions

Self-concept

  • Descriptive – who am I?

Self-esteem

  • Evaluative – How do I feel about it?

Perceived Competence

  • How capable do I feel in a particular domain?

Different sources of information can be used to judge competence.

Examples:

  • Self-comparison
  • Game outcome or ease of learning
  • Social comparison

Theoretical points to consider...

If unidimensional, life domains carry equal value. Combined value = global self-esteem.

If multidimensional, life domains may or may not carry equal value (NOT summed).

Domains are hierarchically organized w/ subdomains. Subdomain of self-esteem are believed to be more amenable to change.

Physical self-esteem very important across the lifespan

Exercise has been shown to increase physical SE, although we need a lot more research, particularly interventions

Exercise and Self-esteem Model (EXSEM)

  • Affects more specific levels first, eventually should generalize to global self-esteem

Exercise Self-Esteem Model

The Structure

of Self-Esteem

Strategies for Enhancing Self-Esteem

The Structure of Self-Esteem

Harter's Model Illustrated

Age & Gender Differences

1. Develop actual and perceived competence

Focus on skill development, provide feedback

2. Encourage multiple competence domains

Don’t have to be the best at everything!

3. Structure social evaluations

Be careful of language - i.e., “Looks like an athlete”

4. Promote positive affect

Increase enjoyment, decrease anxiety

5. Provide remedial support

Lowest SE has greatest potential for improving

How are perceptions formed?

The Structure of Self-esteem

Global self-esteem

or self-worth

  • Sources change over time

(parents --> peers--> self)

  • Accuracy increases with age

  • Adolescent girls - self-comparison & feedback from peers, boys - outcome & ease of learning

Physical

self-worth

Academic

self-worth

Social

self-worth

Relational

self-worth

Global

Domain-specific

Subdomain

Situation-specific

Strength

Fitness

Harter's Model of Perceived Competence

Physical

appearance

Sport

comp.

Defining the Self

Self-efficacy

  • The self is multidimensional
  • The number of domains of the self increase with age (developmental):
  • Children = cognitive, physical, social, and behavioral domains
  • Adults = 12 domains
  • The importance associated with a domain determines it’s impact

Self-Perceptions...

"an individual’s thoughts and feelings about her/himself in general, or about her/his abilities in a particular domain"

Self-perceptions help explain differences in:

  • Emotional reactions
  • Motivation
  • Performance

2 important questions:

  • How are self-perceptions formed?
  • How do they influence behavior?

Dr. Sean Mullen

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