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The Earth's Lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion
rocks form when magma cools & hardens
weathering & erosion
5ubduction & melting
O = Organic (litter)
A = Topsoil (organic & minerals)
B = Subsoil (minerals & nutrients)
C = Bedrock (weathered parent material)
Physical
POROSITY: how quickly soil drains
TEXTURE: is determined by the relative percentages of sand, silt & clay
Chemical
pH - bases promote plant growth; acids inhibit
Biological
most soil organisms are detrivores - recycle nutrients
soil conservation
by machines or overgrazing
from pesticides
results from hundreds to thousands of years of physical & chemical weathering of rock
ability to absorb & release (+) charged mineral ions
by wind, rain, ice
Movement of plates is driven by convection cells in the mantle
are limited and unevenly distributed
result from plate movement over a hotspot
uplift
form when rocks are subjected to high heat and pressure
magma cools into igneous rock
particles of rock (sediments) get compressed by pressure from overlying layers
caused by pressure from upper layers or tectonic activity
intrusive - cools underground
extrusive - cools above surface = smooth; fine grains
example: sandstone or rocksalt
example: slate or marble
example - basalt or granite
Plates move toward one another
plates move away from one another
Two plates slide past one another
jagged rocks resist movement - friction builds;
when they slip suddenly...
Magma