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Formation of Earth

Earth's Geologic Processes

The Tectonic Cycle

The Earth's Lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

Types of Plate contact

The Rock Cycle

rocks form when magma cools & hardens

weathering & erosion

5ubduction & melting

Soil Formation

O = Organic (litter)

A = Topsoil (organic & minerals)

B = Subsoil (minerals & nutrients)

C = Bedrock (weathered parent material)

Soil Properties

Physical

POROSITY: how quickly soil drains

TEXTURE: is determined by the relative percentages of sand, silt & clay

Chemical

pH - bases promote plant growth; acids inhibit

CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity

Biological

  • 80-90% of soil organisms are fungi, bacteria (some nitrogen fixing) & protozoa
  • also, snails,slugs, worms, rodents, etc

most soil organisms are detrivores - recycle nutrients

Soil Degradation

Erosion

soil conservation

Depletion of Minerals

by machines or overgrazing

from pesticides

Mineral Resources

  • crustal abundance: avg. concentration of an element in the crust

Mining Practices

Dry

results from hundreds to thousands of years of physical & chemical weathering of rock

Moist

Base Saturation

ability to absorb & release (+) charged mineral ions

Soil Profile & Horizons

by wind, rain, ice

http://www.precisiongraphics.com/portfolio/animation/

  • ores: concentrated accumulation
  • reserve: the known quantity of the resource that can be economically recovered

Theory of Plate Tectonics

Earth's Layers

Movement of plates is driven by convection cells in the mantle

are limited and unevenly distributed

continental drift

Pollution

  • climate changes
  • geographic barriers formed or removed
  • species adapt or die = EVOLUTION

Volcanos

result from plate movement over a hotspot

uplift

Earthquakes

Compaction

  • rupture along a fault
  • fault zone - areas of siezmic activity
  • magnitude measured by Richter scale

Divergent

Transform

Convergent

Sedimentary

Igneous

Metamorphic

form when rocks are subjected to high heat and pressure

magma cools into igneous rock

particles of rock (sediments) get compressed by pressure from overlying layers

caused by pressure from upper layers or tectonic activity

intrusive - cools underground

extrusive - cools above surface = smooth; fine grains

example: sandstone or rocksalt

example: slate or marble

example - basalt or granite

Plates move toward one another

plates move away from one another

Two plates slide past one another

jagged rocks resist movement - friction builds;

  • subduction: oceanic plate slides under and push up continental plate (chains of volcanic islands)
  • uplift: two continental plates collide - mountain formation
  • causes seafloor spreading
  • creates new land; brings new elements to surface
  • occurs in oceans at mid ocean ridges

when they slip suddenly...

Magma

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