Years Of Crisis (Age of Anxiety): 1919-1939

• German philosopher
• Western ideas (democracy, reason, etc.) stifled people's creativity
• Wanted people to return to the ancient heroic values of pride, assertiveness, etc.

• Stravinsky
• T.S. Elliot
• William Butler Yeats
• Kafka
• James Joyce
• Existentialism
• Nietzche
• Freud
• Einstein

• Marconi
• Charlie Chaplin
• Automobile
• Charles Lindbergh
• Changing Role of Women
• Surrealism
• Dali
• Jazz

• Newspaper editor and politician
• Promised to rebuild economy and armed forces
• Founder of the Fascist Party
• Black Shirts attacked Communists and Socialists
• Played on fear of workers' revolt, middle class support grew

• October 1922: 30,000 Fascists marched on Rome
• Demanded that King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge
• Nicknamed "Il Duce" (The Leader)
• Abolished democracy, outlawed political parties, used secret police, and censored material

• Il Duce
• Mussolini
• Fascism
• King Victor Emmanuel III
• Black Shirts

• Kristallnacht
• Antisemitism
• Fuhrer
• SS
• Gestapo
• Reichstag
• Hindenburg
• lebensraum
• Mein Kampf
• Nazism
• Swastika
• Storm Troopers
• Iron Cross
• Hitler

• Signed international treaty agreeing to respect China's borders
• Signed Kellog-Briand Pact thus renouncing war
• Had a parliamentary system but it was weak

Civil War Erupts In Spain

• German allies bombed
• Cubism (geometric forms)

Daggers that suggest screaming replace the tongues of the bull, grieving women, and hores

• Shape and posture of bodies express protest
• Use of black, white, and grewy set somber mood
• Flaming buildings and crumbling walls express destruction of war
• Newspaper print used reflects how Picasso learned of massacre

Taboo Review

• Kellog-Briand Pact
• Emperor Hirohito
• Manchuria
• Jiang Jieshi
• Rape of Nanking
• Ethiopia
• Haile Selassie
• Rhineland
• Appeasement
• Axis Powers
• Nationalists

• Republicans
• Francisco Franco
• Picasso
• Guernica
• Isolationism
• Neutrality Acts
• Anschluss
• Sudetenland
• Munich Conference
• Chamberlain
• Non-agression Pact

Years of Crisis: 1919-1939

Literature In The 1920s

Big Idea

Revolution In The Arts

• Russian
• Used irregular rhythms and dissonances (or harsh combos of sound)
• "The Rite of Spring"

Igor Stravinsky

• Emerged in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago
• Loose beat captured the new freedom

Jazz

Composers Try New Styles

"Humankind cannot bear very much reality."

• American poet who lived in England
• Thought Western society had lost its spiritual values
• Described the postwar world as a "wasteland"

T.S. Elliot

Modern Day Example

Salvador Dali

Surrealism

• Wanted to depict the inner world of emotion and imagination
• Sought to link the world of dreams with real life
• "beyond or above reality"

• Irish poet
• In the poem "The Second Coming," he claimed "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world"

William Butler Yeats

Fascism

Writers Reflect Society's Concerns

Economy controlled by state corporations or state

James Joyce

• Czech
• "The Trial" and "The Castle"
• Featured characters caught in threatening situations they can neither understand or escape

Emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader

Search for meaning in an uncertain world

Kafka

• Influenced by Freud
• Stream-of-consciousness writing
• Broke away from traditional sentence structure and vocabulary in an attempt to mirror the human mind
• "Ulysses": Focuses on a single day int he lives of three people in Dublin

Culture

• censorship
• indoctrination
• secret police

Existentialism

No universal meaning in life

Nietzche

Supported by middle class, industrialists, and military

Denied individual rights

Preached an extreme form of nationalism

One-party Rule

Postwar Europe

human suffering + economic terms = bankruptcy and political decline

Japan Seeks An Empire

Freud

• Austrian physician
• Treated patients with psychological problems
• Human behavior is irrational or beyond reason (unconscious drives)
• Ideas weakened faith in reason

Democratic Nations Try

To Preserve Peace

European Aggressors on the March

Id, Ego, Superego

EQ:What acts of war should be punishable as a crime?

2 min

A New Revolution In Science

Russia

• Provisional Government fell to Communist Dictatorship

Germany

• For generations, kings and emperors rulled the area

Other Issues

EQ: How do we maintain peace?

• Political parties created divisions
• coalition government: temporary alliance of several parties
• Poor leadership and lack of long-term goals

Benito Mussolini

Unstable New Democracies

EQ: How do ideas spread?

• The foreign ministers of Germany and France tried to improve relations between their countries
• Both promised not to make war against each other and to honor borders
• Germany was admitted into the League of Nations
• Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact: U.S. Secretary of State got all European nations "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy"
• Pact had no way to enforce the goal

Efforts at a Lasting Peace

Einstein

2 min

• Treaty of Versailles: disappointment over failure to win large territorial gains
• Rising inflation
• High Unemployment

• Unlike Great Britain and France, Germany didn't increase wartime taxes
• Solution was to print money but after war it lost its value
• Mark, Germany's currency, fell when reparation payments kicked in
• Costs increased: Bread in 1918 was 1 mark while it rose to 160 marks in 1922 and 200 billion marks in 1923

Society & Technology

• German physicist
• Theory of Relativity: Space and time are not constants

Inflation Causes Crisis

• 1923: Germany recovered due to international intervention
• Charles Dawes, an American banker, provided a $200 million loan (Dawes Plan)
• Attracted more loans and investments with time

Attempts at Economic Stability

Italians ? Democracy

Radio and Movies

1929

• Marconi: 1st Radio
• KDKA in Pittsburgh: 1st commercial radio station
• Europe: Movies were art
• Hollywood: 90% of all films were made; for entertainment
• Charlie Chaplin: king of the silent screen

1937

Wore shorter, looser garments and had their hair "bobbed"

Technological Advances Improve Life

Abondoned restrictive clothing

Airplane

Militarists Take Control of Japan

The German Reich Expands

• 1919: Two British pilots made the first successful flight across the Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Ireland
• 1927: Charles Lindbergh took a 33 hour solo flight from New York to Paris

Automobile

After WWI, women's suffrage became law in many countries (U.S., Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Austria)

• Prewar Britain: Autos for only the rich
• Postwar Britain: Prices dropped and middle class bought

Women's Roles Change

Isolationism

Weimar Republic

Japan Invades China

Young people were willing to break with the past and experiment with modern values

Non-Aggression Pact

New careers in medicine, education, and journalism

Birth Control

• 1919
• Named after city where the national assembly met
• Weak: Germany lacked strong democratice tradition, had several major and minor political parties, people blamed for WWI and the Treaty of Versailles

Anschluss

Taboo Review

Japan Becomes More Democratic

• Spain was a monarchy until 1931 when it was declared a republic
• Government was run by liberals and Socialists
• Fascist army leaders joined General Francisco Franco in a revolt
• Hitler and Mussolini supported Franco's Nationalists
• Republicans only received help from the Soviet Union

Belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided

• Britain, France, and the Soviet Union joined together to stop Hitler
• However, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to never attack each other

Neutrality Acts

union between Austria & Germany

• Civilians blamed government
• Militarists turned the emperor into a symbol of state power
• Extreme nationalists who wanted to solve the $ problems
• Planned for a Pacific Empire

• Germany built up military and the League issued a mild condemnation
• Hitler invaded the Rhineland, an industrialized buffer zone between Germany and France that was off-limits under the TOV
• The British urged appeasement (giving in to an aggressor to keep peace)
• Action increased strength of Hitler's power and prestige while pushing the balance of power in favor of Germany
• Convinced Mussolini to enter into an alliance with Hitler and Hirohito (Axis Powers)

Hidden images fromed by the horse

• A human skull
• Bull gores from below

Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia

Spanish word for lightbulb = "bombilla"=

allusion to bomb = destruction caused by technology

Flame lit lamp is a symbol of hope

Hitler wanted to incorporate into the Third Reich

1937-1938

Treaty of Versailles prohibited

Bull's tails forms the image of a flame with smoke rising from it

• 1935
• Congress passed
• Laws banned loans and the sale of arms to nations at war

• Meeting of Italy, Germany, France, & Britain
• Czechs not invited
• Chamberlain was pro-appeasement
• Britain and France allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland in exchange for the promise that he respect Czech's borders

• Sparked over border issues
• Jiang Jieshi's million soldier army lost
• Rape of Nanking

• Area rich in iron & coal
• Army seized land despite parliament's objections
• 1st direct challenge to the League of Nations

• One of Africa's 3 independent nations
• Mussolini ordered to avenge previous loss during the Age of Imperialism
• Emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Nations for help
• LON condemned but did nothing in hopes of keeping peace in Europe

Sudetenland contained 3 million German-speaking people

Munich Conference

On open palm of dead soldier is a stigma, a symbol of martyrdom derived from Christ

Czechoslovakia

Emperor Hirohito

Picasso's Guernica

Japan Invades Manchuria

U.S. Follows an Isolationist Policy

• Failed artist
• Volunteered for the Germany Army
• Awarded the Iron Cross for bravery twice

Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty

Dead soldier with severed arm grasping a shattered sword from which a flower grows

Germany

• 1932: Nazis were largest party
• Conservatives believed they could control Hitler so they advised President Hidenburg to make him chancellor
• Reichstag burns down before elections and Nazis target Communists
• SS (Schutztaffel or protection squad) and the Gestapo (secret police) enforced totalitarian policies
• Anti-semitism (hatred of Jews) became key component of ideology and led to Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

Taboo Reivew

Adolf Hitler

Stock Market Crashes

• uneven distribution of wealth, overproduction by business and agriculture, and many Americans were buying less

• New York City's Wall Street was the financial capital of the world
• Middle-income people started buying stocks on margin (paid a small percentage and borrowed the rest)
• September 1929: investors began to think that stock prices were unnaturally high so they started selling their stocks
• Thursday, October 24: stock prices started falling
• Tuesday, October 29: stock prices plunged to a new low when 16 million stocks were sold

A Flawed U.S. Economy

Fascism Rises In Europe

1931

Financial Collapse

Taboo Review

1920s

• New Deal
• Roosevelt
• The Popular Front
• National Government
• Tariffs
• Great Depression
• Stock Market Crash
• Kellog-Briand Peace Pact
• Dawes Plan
• Mark
• Weimer Republic
• Coalition Government

Swastika, or hooked cross

2 min

The Great Depression

• Wrote "Mein Kampf" or "My Struggle"
• Outlines beliefs and goals for Germany
• Aryans were a master race
• Germany needed more lebensraum (living space)

NAZISM

• Success as an organizer and speaker allowed him to become der Fuhrer (leader) of the party
• Attempted to seize power of Munich after being inspired by Mussolini
• Failed, arrested, tried for treason, and sent to prison

• American bankers demanded repayment of overseas loans
• American market for European goods dropped sharply when the U.S. Congress placed high tariffs on imported goods
• Germany and Austria were hit hard

• National Socialist German Workers' Party
• right-wing party
• believed Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism

4 min

Taboo Review

• New Deal: large public works projects aimed at providing jobs
• Believed government spending would create jobs and start recovery

U.S.

AKA Brown Shirts

• National Government: multiparty coalition that passed high tariffs, increased taxes, lowered interest rates, and regulated currency

Great Britain

World Confronts the Crisis

Storm Troopers

• Self-sufficient agricultural economy
• Depression created political stability
• The Popular Front: coalition of moderates, Socialists, and Communists who passed a series of reforms to help workers

France

Private Militia

The Great Depression

Aggressors Invade Nations

Postwar Uncertainty