The human body

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The human body

Brain and nervous system

It does this via the spinal cord, which runs from the brain down through the back and contains nerves that branch out to every organ and body part. When a message comes into the brain from anywhere

in the body, the brain tells the body how to react.

Both the brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone: the brain by the bones of the skull, and the spinal cord by the spine (vertebrae).

The nervous system is like a network that sends messages to different parts of the body and receives messages back from the body.

How the Nervous System Works

The basic functioning of the nervous system depends a lot on tiny cells called neurons.

The brain is like a computer that controls the body's functions.

The brain has billions of them.

Right-side

To branch out

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Network

Upside-down

Along

Cortex

Spinal cord

Trivia Time

Vocabulary bank

They have many specialized jobs. For example, sensory neurons take information from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the brain. Motor neurons carry messages away from the brain and back to the rest of the body.

to react

Sensory neurons

To transfer

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To carry

Spine

To gather

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Senses

1.- Sound waves entering our ears and causing our eardrums to vibrate.

2.- These vibrations are then transferred along the tiny bones of the middle ear and converted into nerve signals.

3.- The cortex then processes these signals, telling us what we are hearing.

1.- Taste buds react to chemicals in foods. Taste buds react to sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami.

2.- Messages are sent from the taste buds to the areas in the cortex responsible for processing taste.

1.- Light entering the eye forms an upside-down image on the retina.

2.- The retina transforms the light into nerve signals for the brain.

3.- The brain then turns the image right-side up and tells us that we are seeing.

Sight.

Hearing.

Taste.

1.- Each nostril react to chemicals we breathe in 2.- They send messages along specific nerves to the brain

1.- The skin contains more than 4 million sensory receptors that gather information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

2.- It sends it to the brain for processing and reaction.

Touech.

Smell.

The Human Body

Organization of the Human Body

The human body is made up of millions of cells.

The cells combine together to create tissue.

The tissues combine together to create organs.

And organs join together to create the different body systems.

The human body is the entire structure of a human being.

It is made up of organs that are part of different body systems that allow the human body to work.

VOCABULARY BANK

Cell

To allow

Structure

Tissue

Organ

System

Organ systems

1.3 Digestive System

1.2 Brain and Nervous System

1.1 Bones and Muscles

Trivia time

1.6 Excretory System

1.4 Respiratory System

1.5 Circulatory System

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Bones and Muscles

Our locomotor system consists of our skeleton (bones) and muscles.

It allows our body to move. It also protects our organs and keeps us upright.

Muscles

Skeleton (Bones)

It is made up of bones.

Bones are hard, rigid and strong.

The bones of our skeleton are held together by connections called joints.

A muscle is a soft and elastic organ that produces movement.

They are connected to the bones

and move them by contracting and relaxing.

TRIVIA TIME

They connect bones.

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TRIVIA TIME

There are three types:

- Flexible joints that allow the bones to move (elbow).

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There are 206 bones in a skeleton.

They are of various types:

- long bones (femur).

- flat bones (scapula).

- short bones (vertebrae).

JOINTS

There are 600 muscles in our bodies.

When muscles contract they get shorter,

but when they relax they get longer.

- Semi-flexible joints which only allow the bones to move a little (vertebrae in spine)

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- Fixed joints don't allow the bones to move (joints in the skull).

There are two types:

- Voluntary muscles: when we want to move them, our brain sends a signal to the muscles (biceps to flex the arm).

Group of bones

THE RIB CAGE

It protects the organs in our torso.

VOCABULARY BANK

Elastic

THE VERTEBRAE

They are a group of small bones called vertebra that form the spine.

The spine supports the whole skeleton.

VOCABULARY BANK

Contraction

Joints

Hard

Strong

Soft

Rigid

Held

Short

Relaxation

Whole

THE SKULL

Fixed

- Involuntary muscles: when we cannot control them and

they move by themselves automatically (organs like the heart).

Flat

Long

It is a group of flat bones that protect our brain.

Circulatory system

Functions of the Circulatory System

The circulatory system moves blood around our body.

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to different parts of our body.

At the same time it collects

waste that our body does not need.

To pump

To carry

Vocabulary

To collect

The movement of blood

around our body is called blood

circulation.

To waste

Tivia Time

The complete process of the circulation

The heart is the organ which pumps blood around our body.

It is made up of involuntary muscles.

The complete process of the circulation

Blood travels around our body through blood vessels.

There are three different types of blood vessels:

1. Arteries: they carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.

2. Veins: they carry blood back to the heart form the rest of the body.

3. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels which connect arteries and veins.

Digestive system

Functions of the Digestive System

Parts of the Digestive System

1.- The digestive system breaks down the food you eat into smaller pieces.

The digestive system begins in the mouth and ends at the anus.

Mouth

2.- It turns it to energy and nutrients you body needs to survive.

The complete process of the digestion

Vocabulary Bank

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To chew

Tivia Time

Oesophagus

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Tongue

Gastric juice

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To break down

Excretory system

How the excretory system works

The excretory system removes other waste materials from our body and keeps our blood clean.

Vocabulary

waste materials

REMEMBER

Useful

To release

To filter

To store

Reabsorb

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EMIT AIVIRT

Our body also removes waste through our skin.

Skin covers our body and it is our organ of

touch. It also releases waste through the

thousands of sweat glands inside it.