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The next stage of salmon
development, is the parr
stage. It is characterized
by the vertical bars that
develop on the sides of their bodies. These bars, or parr marks, help camouflage the small fish from predators. This stage can last months or years, depending on the species.
Once the yolk sac is fully
absorbed, the salmon
emerge from the gravel
as fry, and begin to move about and feed on their own. Some salmon fry species start swimming toward the estuaries, while other species of salmon wait months, even years, before heading downstream.
The maturing parr makes
its way downstream to
the estuary. The salmon
transition from living
in freshwater to living in saltwater, through a
process called osmoregulation. At the end of the
transformation the salmon becomes a smolt.
smolts loose the parr marks and turn
silvery.
After the salmon
hatch it is
known as an
Alevin. The Alevin
does not yet
have a fully
formed mouth or digestive system. Instead it lives
off the nutrients provided from its yolk sac.
Human activities that
degrade or diminish habitat
are the primary cause of salmon decline.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Salmon have a hard life?
For every 8000 eggs produced, 4500 alevin survive, from which 650 fry survive, from which 200 parr survive, from which 50 smolt survive, from which only 2 spawning adults survive (who produce thousands of eggs).
The growing smolt eventually becomes
the ocean going adult. During the ocean phase
salmon leave the near shore waters and head
to the cold, open ocean. In the ocean, salmon
travel in large, loose schools, and feed on small
fish, krill, and crustaceans. They remain in the
ocean for 2 to 8 years
Q: How many species of salmon are there?
Q: What can we do to save salmon?
Q: How long do salmon usually live?
Photo Content
Slide 5: http://cache2.artprintimages.com/lrg/49/4921/REU9G00Z.jpg
Slide 6:
http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/26/2688/AILUD00Z/posters/paul-nicklen-red-salmon-fish-eggs-in-different-stages-of-development.jpg
Slide 7:
http://www.canned-salmon.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/salmon-fry.jpg
Q: What happens if a salmon cannot find its stream?
Slide 9: http://www.beautifulpacificnorthwest.com/images/cohosmolt2.jpg
Slide 10:
http://cybersalmon.fws.gov/chumocean1.gif
More Photo Content
Federal agencies have a
fundamental responsibility under
the Endangered Species Act to
prevent extinction and foster
recovery of threatend salmon species.
Slide 11
http://images1.friendseat.com/2011/12/Salmon-Spawning-Image-by-David-Safanda.jpg
Slide 13 and 14
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_ayCytGsy6YE/SZ-8Rd81N2I/AAAAAAAAAQg/8dIT0qC2w2E/s320/37D2E5BC-65BF-03E7-2C210621DF39B2A2.jpg
Slide 15 and 16
http://gormanflyfishing.com/Alevin_group_ReferenceNumber_21.jpg
Slide 17 and 18
http://seymoursalmon.com/images/lifecycle/fry.jpg
Slide 19 and 20
http://nature.ca/notebooks/images/img/077_p_atlantic_salmon_parr_p.jpg
habitat destruction
Slide 21 and 22
http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/64/6458/FXKH100Z/posters/patrick-endres-sockeye-salmon-smolt-oncorhynchus-nerka-in-the-gulkana-fish-hatchery-alaska-usa.jpg
Even More Photo Content
Slide 23 and 24
http://seymoursalmon.com/images/lifecycle/adultcoho.jpg
Slide 25 and 26
http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/28/2886/BX6PD00Z/posters/klaus-nigge-tired-tattered-and-dying-salmon-after-the-spawning-migration.jpg
Slide 28 and 29
http://www.falconti.com/images/Eagle%20with%20Salmon.jpg
Slide 30
http://www.estatevaults.com/bol/_annual_salmon_feast-1.jpg
Slide 31 and 32
http://oakvilleandbeyond.com/image_store/uploads/4/3/8/3/5/ar12619646253834.jpg
Slide 33
http://legalplanet.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/salmon-fisherman.jpg
Slide 34 http://img123.imageshack.us/img123/1751/sarovardamindiayb1.jpg
Slide 35
http://theguycancook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/grilled-salmon.jpg
Q: Why do salmon die
after they spawn?
And Finally the Last Page of Photo Content
Video Source
Slide 43 - hyperlinked image
Slide 36
http://coastalcare.org/wp-content/images/issues/pollution/plastic/Seabed-pollution.jpg
A: Salmon use all their energy for returning to their home stream, for making eggs and digging the nest. Most salmon stop eating when they return to freshwater and have no energy left for a return trip to the ocean after spawning. After they die, other animals eat them (but people don't) or they decompose, adding nutrients to the stream. Steelhead trout, however, continue to eat in freshwater and many survive and return to the ocean. These fish can grow another year and then return to spawn again.
Web Resources:
Slide 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, & 25
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/salmon-running-the-gauntlet/salmon-lifecycle/6559/
&
http://spsseg.org/education-outreach/all-about-salmon/salmon-life-cycle/
Slide 28 & 31
http://www.fws.gov/salmonofthewest/trouble.htm
sound clips http://www.fws.gov/video/sound.htm
Slide 51 - 66 http://wfrc.usgs.gov/outreach/salmon.html
Slide 37
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Atlantic_salmon_redd.jpg
Q: Are there specific seasons in which salmon can only be found?
Slide 38
http://ecossentials.webs.com/photos/Air-Pollution/p2.jpg
Slide 39
http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/indicators/global-temp-and-co2-1880-2009.gif
Q: How do salmon know where their home is when they return from the ocean?
Slide 40
http://images.sciencedaily.com/2008/01/080117140831-large.jpg
Slide 41
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_saKQ607KvoI/TKsAyvhOKeI/AAAAAAAADtg/n0BmuM6GIIw/s1600/salmon+hatchery.jpg
Why are there so few salmon left?
Slide 41
http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/images/hatchery2c.jpg
Slide 42 http://www.water.ca.gov/recreation/locations/oroville/FeatherRiverTour/images/fish_ladder_profile.jpg
Slide 43
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg
The salmon
begins life as an egg.
The eggs in this photo
are called eyed eggs
because the eye spot is
visible. This is also an
indicator that the egg is
viable, meaning that it is
growing life. Eggs will hatch between for 4-16 weeks.
Salmon leave the ocean, swim
back up the river, to the same
gravel redd that they were born in; spawn and
then die from exhaustion. The carcass, is super important to the overall ecosystem, as well as the next generation of salmon. The carcass provides nutrients to the forest, and young salmon also feed on the invertebrates that break down the carcasses.