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The Red River Resistance 1869
(Garneau, 2012)
The 1885 Resistance
(Morin, 2006)
Western Land Grants
(Library and Archives Canada, 2013)
By the early 1900's the Metis were in disarray. The Metis had been dispossessed of their land and had dispersed across the western provinces. The Refusal of Canada to recognize and rectify Metis grievances left many Metis in a state of abject poverty. Many were forced to live along highway and railway allowances and were known as the "Road Allowance People" (Prefontaine, 2007).
The Metis, although disenfranchised, remained together and settled in many transient communities such as Crescent Lake and Little Chicago. Because the Metis were considered squatters and did not own title to the land they paid no taxes; consequently they received no services. The marginal existence endured by the "Road Allowance People" perpetuated many social problems in these Metis communities including poor health, a lack of self-esteem, and limited employment opportunities (Prefontaine, 2007).
But hope remained; the Metis were able to persist and maintain their culture, self-determining communities and Michif language. The Metis, while continuing to push Canada for recognition and reparations, also served their new country through contributions in both WWI and WWII .
(Prefontaine, 2007)
Constitution Act 1982
Powley Case 2003
Manitoba Metis Federation Inc v. Canada 2013
Music and Dance
(Roberts, 2009)
Art
(MCSBC, 2013)
Language
(Western Region Metis Women's Association, 2013)
Metis Learning Resources
(Gabriel Dumont Institute)
Gabriel Dumont Institute
(Gabriel Dumont Institute)
References:
Assembly of First Nations (2007). Residential Schools – A Chronology. Retrieved from http://www.rememberingthechildren.ca/history/
Augustus, C. (2008). Métis Scrip. Our Legacy. University of Saskatchewan Archives. Retrieved from
http://scaa.sk.ca/ourlegacy/exhibit_scrip
Brown, S. H. (1996). Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. University of Oklahoma Press.
Canadian Law. (n.d.). The Constitution Act, 1982. Retrieved from
http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/const/const1982.html#II
Clarke, D. (2013, Oct 8). The Métis. Retrieved from http://prezi.com/yerjuv7kivea/the-metis/
Gabriel Dumont Institute. (n.d.). Overview of GDI. Retrieved from http://www.gdins.org/node/126
Gabriel Dumont Institute. (n.d.). Celebration. The Virtual Museum of Métis Art and Culture. Retrieved from http://www.metismuseum.ca/exhibits/celebration/
Gabriel Dumont Institute. (n.d.). Learning Resources. The Virtual Museum of Métis Art and Culture. Retrieved from http://www.metismuseum.ca/exhibits/resources/
Garneau, R. D. (2012, Nov 2). A Complete history of the Métis Nation. Retrieved from
http://www.metis-history.info/index.shtml
Hanson. E., Crey, K., Cruz, C., Deutsch, J., Huang, A., LeBlanc, V., Lee, A., . . . Wilson, J. (2009). Métis. Indigenous Foundations Arts UBC. Retrieved from http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/?id=549
Hanson. E., Crey, K., Cruz, C., Deutsch, J., Huang, A., LeBlanc, V., Lee, A., . . . Wilson, J. (2009). The Origins of the Indian Act – Indigenous Foundations. Retrieved from
http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/home/government-policy/the-indian- act.html?type=123
Library and Archives Canada (2013). Land Grants of Western Canada, 1870-1930. Retrieved from
http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/land/land-grants-western-canada-1870- 1930/Pages/land-grants-western-canada.aspx
Magnet, J. E. (1994). Métis Land Rights in Canada. Retrieved from
http://www.uottawa.ca/constitutional-law/metis.html
Métis Culture and Heritage Resource Centre Inc. (2013). The Métis Flag. Retrieved from http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27:t he-metis-flag&catid=1:history&Itemid=2
Métis Community services Society of BC (2013). Métis Art. Retrieved from
http://www.mcsbc.org/main/page_metis_art.html
Métis National Council (2013). Citizenship. Retrieved from
http://www.metisnation.ca/index.php/who-are-the-metis/citizenship
Morin, D. (2006). Back to Batoche. Retrieved from
http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions- exhibitions/batoche/html/about/index.php
Préfontaine, D. (2003, May 30). Métis Identity. Retrieved from http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/00726
Prefontaine, D. (2007, Apr 17). Gabriel Dumont. Retrieved from http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/06280
Prefontaine, D. (2007, April 17). Métis History. Retrieved from
http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/metis_history.html
Prefontaine, D. (2013, March 14). Louis “David” Riel. Retrieved from
http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/13771
Riel, L. (1885). As quoted in the Montreal Star Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:q uotes&catid=4:quotes&Itemid=2
Riel, L. (1885). Buffalo Trails and Tales - Quotes. Retrieved from http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:q uotes&catid=4:quotes&Itemid=2
Roberts, J. (2009, May 14) Métis Music and Dance. Retrieved from
http://abdc.bc.ca/uploads/file/ABDC%20-%20Services%20- %20Aboriginal%20Voices/14%20Aboriginal%20Voices.pdf
Teillet, J. (2003). R. v. Powley, A Summary of the Supreme Court of Canada Reasons for Judgment. Pape & Salter Barristers and Soliciters. Retrieved from: www.pstlaw.ca/resources/Powley%20summary-final.pdf
The Western Region Métis Women’s Association (2013). A Bit About Michif. Retrieved from
http://www.awchimo.ca/index.html
Vowel, C. (2012). You’re Métis? So which of your parents is an Indian? Retrieved from
http://apihtawikosisan.com/2011/12/20/youre-metis-so-which-of-your-parents-is-an-indian/
Yuen, M. (2013, Mar 13). Manitoba Metis Federation v. Canada: the Eternal Constitutional Oversight of the Courts. Litigation Blog. Retrieved from http://www.davis.ca/en/entry/litigation/manitoba- metis-federation-the-eternal-constitutional-power-of-the-court/#sthash.P5Ha2jDj.dpuf
Other Resources:
Ginsburg, F. (2008). Rethinking the Digital Age. The Media and Social Theory, 1, 127.
Kawagley, A. O., & Barnhardt, R. (1998). Education Indigenous to Place: Western Science Meets Native Reality.
McGregor, H. E. (2012b). Curriculum change in Nunavut: towards Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit. McGill Journal of Education, 47(3), 285-302.
Robb, M., & John, C. (2005). Our Words, Our ways: Teaching First Nations, Métis and Inuit Learners. Retrieved from http://education.alberta.ca/media/307199/words.pdf
The Canadian Press. (2013, Jan 9). Federal Court grants rights to Métis, non-status Indians. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-court-grants-rights-to-m%C3%A9tis-non-status- indians-1.1319951
Images and Graphics:
Adrien Theriault. Retrieved Dec 2013, from www.acadiens-metis-souriquios.ca/join-aams.html
Gabriel Dumont. Retrieved Dec 2103, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_(M%C3%A9tis_leader)
Lois Riel. Retrieved Dec 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadians
Métis Killed During Batoche Resistance. Retrieved Nov 2013, Glenbow Archives NA-363-48
Metis flag. Retrieved Nov 2013, from
http://www.canadiandesignresource.ca/symbols/metis-nation-flags/
Proclamation of Canadian Confederation. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation
Red River Settlement. Retrieved Nov 2013, from www.vivaorange.com
Riel's Provisional Government. Retrieved Dec 2013, from
http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/29/redriverresistance.shtml
Rupert’s Land. Retrieved Dec 2013, from http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/glossary.aspx?alpha=r&id=270&lang=En
Sample Land Grant Document. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/001007/f1/001007-01.jpg
Scrip Coupon. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://scaa.sk.ca/ourlegacy/exhibit_scrip
St. Antoine De Padoue. Retrieved Dec 2013, from http://www.metismuseum.ca/resource.php/04840
Steve Powley. Rerieved Dec 2013, from http://www.learnmichif.com/culture/the-powley-case
Thomas Moore. Retrieved Nov 2013, from Library and Archives Canada NL-022474
Leah Dorian Image. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://leahdorion.ca/gallery.html
YouTube Videos:
Gabriel Dumont Institute. Retrieved from youtu.be/2t4aqwsDGbk
Genia Leskiw. Retrieved from youtu.be/RbKknrxiwL0
Métis Artist Christi Belcourt. Retrieved from youtu.be/JwNHNm9dw6Y
Métis Musician Sierra Noble. Retrieved from youtu.be/NGtckNUY7b8
Proud to be Métis. Retrieved from youtu.be/bhc4Pi-BIq8
Verna Demotigny and George Fleury. Retrieved from youtu.be/5cjaEjw6x-U
Voyageurs Vignette. Retrieved from youtu.be/M_YsuqkkBa8
The Metis flag was first used by Metis resistance fighters in 1816. It is the oldest Canadian patriotic flag indigenous to Canada.
(Metis Culture and Heritage Resource Centre 2013)
Adrien Theriault. Retrieved Dec 2013, from www.acadiens-metis-souriquios.ca/join-aams.html
The Métis National Council adopted the following definition of “Métis” in 2002:
“Métis means a person who self-identifies as a Métis, is distinct from other aboriginal peoples, is of historic Métis Nation ancestry, and is accepted by the Métis Nation.”
(Metis National Council, 2002)
Metis flag. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://www.canadiandesignresource.ca/symbols/metis-nation-flags/
Steve Powley. Rerieved Dec 2013, from http://www.learnmichif.com/culture/the-powley-case
"We may be a small community and a Half-breed community at that - but we are men, free and spirited men and we will not allow even the Dominion of Canada to trample on our rights" (Riel, L., as cited in Brown, 1996)
The Metis have experienced a renewal in Canada in the last generation and are building momentum towards a brighter future. Many Metis are reconnecting with their heritage as the shame of the past is decreased through healing and cultural awareness. At the same time, the Metis are using the power of technology to form a Metis National Identity and governance structure, as well as to research and compile historical data in support of land claims and assertion of hunting/gathering rights through the courts and the Legislative Process.
Metis Scrip 1870's to 1920's
(Augustus, 2008)
Residential Schools
(Assembly of First Nations 2007)
Sample Land Grant Document. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/001007/f1/001007-01.jpg
Scrip Coupon. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://scaa.sk.ca/ourlegacy/exhibit_scrip
"Deeds are not accomplished in a few days, or in a few hours. A century is only a spoke in the wheel of everlasting time" (Riel, 1885).
The British North America Act of 1869
(Magnet, 1994)
The Indian Act of 1876
(Hanson et al., 2009)
Proclamation of Canadian Confederation. Retrieved Nov 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation
The Government of Canada actively and systematically attempted to assimilate the Métis and other Aboriginal peoples in Canada through Legislation as well as through Official Policy from the mid 1800's to the late 1900's.
Riel could not have known at the time that his words would resonate so loudly for so long...
The Gradual Civilization Act of 1857
Declared that Indians who were "sufficiency advanced in education or otherwise capable of managing their own affairs" would be "enfranchised", i.e. given the vote and integrated into Canadian settler society.
Sought to encourage Canada's Aboriginal People to relinquish their land, language, culture and existing rights in exchange for full British/Canadian citizenship.
(Hanson et al., 2009)(Clarke, 2013)
Land Claims. Retrieved Dec 2013, from www.mmf.mb.ca/news_details.php?news_id=98
Metis Musician Sierra Noble
"We must cherish our inheritance. We must preserve our nationality for the youth of our future. The story should be written down to pass on." (Riel, 1885)
While oral histories are still an important part of cultural preservation for the Metis, many are now using the power of computer technology to preserve and promote aspects of Metis Culture such as music, dance, art, and language. Many Metis are also leveraging the power of technology to develop and deliver Culturally Responsive Education Curriculum and archive and transmit cultural knowledge.
The Métis peoples have played a pivotal role in the formation of the country of Canada, especially in the west. The first Metis were born in the late 1600's; the offspring of European men (trappers and traders) and their Aboriginal or "country" wives. During the height of the fur trade in the 1700-1800's, many fur traders, especially the French, married Aboriginal women, especially Cree. Through these marriages a unique new culture developed that incorporated language, values and traditions from both the French and the Cree peoples. The Metis, with their intimate understanding of both European and Aboriginal culture, were invaluable to the success of the western fur trade.
(Prefontaine, 2007)(Vowel, 2012)(Clarke, 2013).
Culture
Metis Artis Christi Belcourt
Proud to be Metis
"We Métis are the descendants of Indian women who lived freely on the Plains of Western Canada and who were masters of their realm. We Métis are also the descendants of French Coureurs de Bois, who worked for both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company in order to make commerce in the fur trade. Our heritage is of a unique race, which has the right to live freely and proudly and to be masters of our destiny. We are also called "Bois-brûlés" because of the colour of our skin but we prefer the name Métis from the French verb "métisser" to mix races."
(Riel, L., as cited in Préfontaine, 2003)
Education
Gabriel Dumont. Retrieved Dec 2103, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dumont_(M%C3%A9tis_leader)
Verna Demotigny and George Fleury
Lois Riel. Retrieved Dec 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadians
Louis Riel was born in October, 1844, in St. Boniface, Red River Settlement, to Julie Lagimondiere and Louis Riel. He was educated by the church, and was eventually sent to Montreal to study for the priesthood. Riel returned to Red River Settlement in 1869 where he became a leader of the Métis people. He then became the President of the Provisional Government of Manitoba and negotiated the province of Manitoba’s entrance into Canadian confederation during the Red River Resistance. Riel fled to exile after 1870 but returned to Canada in 1884 at the request of Gabriel Dumont, who needed help at Batoche. Riel sought to preserve Métis rights by negotiating with the government of Canada but was unsuccessful. Riel led the Métis who were defeated during the 1885 Resistance at Batoche, and was eventually captured and taken prisoner. In November of 1885 Riel was tried and convicted of treason against Canada. Riel was later hanged (Prefontaine, 2013)
Gabriel Dumont was born in December 1837, in St. Boniface, Red River Settlement, the third child of Isadore Dumont and Louise Laframboise. Dumont was a Bison hunter from the age of 14 on. In 1851 he participated in the Battle of Grand Coteau where 300 Metis defeated a much larger contingent of Yankton Dakota to assert their rights to the hunt. When the Bison began to dwindle in the early 1860’s, Dumont started a ferry service and a store at Batoche, where he eventually became the political and later on the military leader of the Métis who lived there. Dumont led the Métis who were defeated during the 1885 Resistance at Batoche, then fled and lived in exile in the United States, spending some time performing in a Wild West Show. He returned to Canada in 1893 after receiving land-scrip and passed away at the age of 69 in 1906. Gabriel Dumont is regarded by many today as a Canadian folk hero. (Prefontaine, 2007)
Rupert's Land.
Retrieved Dec 2013, from http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/glossary.aspx?alpha=r&id=270&lang=En
Rupert's Land is the historic homeland of the Metis, who were thought to be distinct from other mixed-blood populations because they "developed a group consciousness" (Prefontaine, 2003) and their own distinct culture.
Genia Leskiw
Louis Riel was the first to use the term Metis to refer to the population of French half-breeds who resided at Red River Settlement prior to the Resistance of 1869 (Prefontaine, 2003)
Gabriel Dumont Institute
The Metis also established a homeland at Batoche, where they thrived until the Resistance of 1885.
Red River Settlement.
Retrieved Nov 2013, from www.vivaorange.com
Prezi created by Clayton Bussey
for UBC ETEC 521
December, 2013
Copyright held by Leah Dorian
Retrieved December 2013, from http://leahdorion.ca/gallery.html