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Level 1 Perspective Taking:
understanding what
another person sees
Level 2 Perspective Taking:
understanding that another person
sees things differently
Piaget & Inhelder (1967),
3 Mountains test
E
Theory of Mind:
understanding what
others know
Emotion detection/response:
understanding what others feel
A cure for social ills
Self/Other
Perceived
dissimilarity
Big 5
We are all the same
Our differences are nothing in the face of our similarities
You and I are the same person
Self/Other
Common in-group identity model
Dissimilarity
?
Empathy is a skill
Does it annoy you when you see people…
Have you ever…even once…
The state of empathy, or being empathic, is to perceive the internal frame of reference of another with accuracy, and with the emotional components and meanings which pertain thereto, as if one were the other person, but without ever losing the "as if" condition. (Rogers, 1959)
A
B
Baron-Cohen, et al. (2001)
aghast
reflective
irritated
impatient
serious
ashamed
alarmed
bewildered
Keysar, Barr, Balin, & Brauner (2000)
I remember well when the shadow swept across me. I was a little thing, away up in the hills of New England, where the dark Housatonic winds blew between Hoosac and Taghkanic to the sea. In a wee wooden schoolhouse, something put it into the boys' and girls' heads to buy gorgeous visiting cards - ten cents a package - and exchange. The exchange was merry, till one girl, a tall newcomer, refused my card, refused it peremptorily, with a glance. Then it dawned upon me with a certain suddenness that I was different from the others; or like, mayhap, in heart and life and longing, but shut out from their world by a vast veil. I had thereafter no desire to tear down that veil, to creep through. I held all beyond it in common contempt, and lived above it in a region of blue sky and great wandering shadows.
W. E. B. DuBois
"More specifically, research indicates that both men and women seek intimacy from their close relationships, see empathy and trust as core features of such relationships, and follow similar implicit rules in enacting these relationships." (Burleson, 2003)
Openness
Conscientousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
You
Schmitt et al. (2007) Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology
Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000
Us
Me