Chapter 23 - Growth of Western Democracies
Section 1 - Democratic Reform
Section 2 - Social and Economic Reform
Section 3 - France under Napoleon
Section 4 - Expansion of the United States
Section 1 - Democratic Reform in Britain
Reforming Parliament
- Catholics and non-Anglicans fought for rights to vote and serve in Parliament
Victorian Age
- Queen Victoria reigned from 1838-1901
- Focuses on good morals, manners, hard work, honesty, etc.
- Confident Age- helped middle class to expand empire
New Age in British Politics
- Tories were pushed more towards being Conservative
- Whigs became Liberal
- Conservative party doubled in size
- 1880's they began to extend suffrage and gave the majority of voting rights to farm workers
Section 2 - Social and Economic Reform in Britain
Free Trade and Corn
- Early 1800’s Britain taxed foreign imports In local economies
- Free trade was usually middle class business leaders
- Farmers/wealthy land owners supported Corn Law because it kept price of Britain grain high
Campaign against Slavery
- Enlightenment thinkers had turned the spot light on evils of the slave trade
- British ships were carrying more Africans than the Americans
- Under pressure the middle class reformers in Britain, France, and USA started the abolition movement
- Britain,first European power to abolish slavery trade in 1807
Crime and Punishment
- Early 1800, over 200 crimes were punishable by death
- (Capital offense) murder but also shoplifting, stealing and, impersonating a veteran
- Some juries refused to convict criminals because punishments were too harsh
- Executions were public occasions
- Instead of proper burial,criminal’s body might be given to medical colleges for dissection
Victories of the working Class
- Improving work conditions
- In the mine, owners were forbidden to employ woman and children under 10
- In 1847 ,law limited woman and children to a 10 hour a day
- Later in the 1800 the government regulated many safety conditions in factories and mines and sent inspectors to see that the law enforced
Section- 3 France under Napoleon 3 - Colby
Napoleon the Third, Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte
Limits of Liberty
- On the surface, the second empire looked like a constitutional monarchy
- In the 1860’s, the emperor began to ease controls.
Promoting economic growth
- promoted investment in industry and large-scale ventures such as rail road building and the urban renewal of Paris
Foreign Affairs
- In the 1860’s, Napoleon tried to place Maximilian on the thrown of Mexico
- Napoleon helped Italian nationalists defeat Austria, the regions of Nice and Savoy were ceded to France
A Disastrous With Prussia
- Prussian leader Bismarck shrewdly manipulated the French and lured Napoleon into war in 1870.
- Challenges of the 3rd Republic
- Provisional, temporary
The Paris Commune
- In 1871, an uprising broke out in Paris
Government Structure
- Premier, Prime Minister
- Coalition, alliances of various parties
- Anti-Semitic and the Dreyfus Affair
- most serious and divisive scandal began in 1894.
Deep Division
- Dreyfus affair, political scandal that caused deep division in France between Royalists and liberals and republicans.
- Libel, the knowing publication of false and damaging statements.
Calls for Jewish State
- Zionism-movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine.
Separating Church and State
- Like Germany, France tried to repress Church involvement in the Government
Women’s Rights
- Under the Napoleonic Code, French women had few rights
Looking Ahead
- By 1914, France was the largest democratic country in Europe, with constitution that protected basic rights
Section 4-Expansion of the United States - William
Territorial Expansion
- -(Louisiana Purchase)-1803 Jefferson bought Louisiana territory from France
- -Mexican War 1846-1848 added California and Southwest
- -Manifest Destiny – Expand U.S. from coast to coast
- -1867 bought Alaska from Russia 1898 annexed Hawaii
Expanding Democracy
- -Calls for Abolition
- Americans began to call for the complete end of slavery
- William Lloyd Garrison pressed the antislavery cause through his newspaper, the “Liberator”
- Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, helped convince northerners slavery was a great social evil
Women’s Rights Movements
- 1848, in Seneca Falls, New York, Mott and Stanton organized first women’s rights convention
- Passed a resolution on the Declaration of Independence, “We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men and women are created equal.”
- Equality before law
The Civil War and Its Aftermath
- -Economic differences and the slavery issue drove the North and the South apart
- -When Lincoln was elected president the South feared that slavery would be abolished
North Versus South
- Soon after the election, most southern states seceded from the Union
- This sparked the civil war 1861-1865
- The Confederacy surrendered in 1865 with the cost of 600,000 lives
- -Challenges for African Americans
- Lincoln issued the “Emancipation Proclamation” which declared enslaved African Americans free
- Three amendments to the Constitution banned slavery
- 15th amendment gave African Americans right to vote
- Other state laws imposed conditions for voter eligibility
Economic Growth and Social Reform.
- U.S. after Civil War grows to lead world in industrial and agricultural production.
- Transcontinental railroad (1869) opens up
- Immigrations soars: Europeans settle on Atlantic coast; Asians on Pacific coast.
- 1900. giant monopolies control industries. Carnegie (steel). Rockefeller (oil).
- Workers organize in unions like American Federation of Labor.
Looking Ahead.
- By 1900 U.S. is the world’s largest democracy and leading industrial power, and global power
- Spanish-American War of 1898 the U.S. acquires Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico