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SOAPSTonE

Speaker

  • The voice that tells the story
  • Do not give only a name - how would you describe that person?
  • The author and the speaker are NOT necessarily the same
  • How does he/she establish ethos (personal credibility)?
  • Does he/she come across as knowledgeable? Fair?
  • Does the speaker's reputation convey a certain authority?

Occasion

  • The time and place of the piece; the context that encouraged the writing to happen
  • Larger Occasion: what is going on in the world
  • Immediate Occasion: the event
  • What kinds of values or customs would the people have that would produce this?
  • How do the allusions, historical references, or kinds of words used place this in a certain time and location?

Audience

  • The group of readers at whom the piece is directed
  • It may be one person, a small group, or a large group
  • What values does the audience hold that the author or speaker appeals to?
  • Who have been or might be secondary audiences?
  • Can you identify the responses of historical or contemporary audiences?

Purpose

  • The reason the author wrote it
  • "What does the author want the audience to think or do as a result?"
  • To persuade, to inform, or to entertain
  • Does the message/speech/text succeed in fulfilling the author's or speaker's intentions? For whom?
  • Does the form complement the content? What effect could the form have, and does this aid or hinder the author's intention?

Subject

  • The general topic, content, and ideas contained in the text
  • You should be able to state this in a few words or a phrase
  • What is the content of the message?
  • Can you summarize the main idea?
  • What are the principal lines of reasoning or kinds of arguments used?

Tone

  • The attitude of the speaker
  • Tone can be determined by examining
  • Diction (choice of words)
  • Syntax (sentence construction)
  • Imagery (vivid descriptions that appeal to the senses)
  • What figures of speech (schemes and tropes) are used?
  • What kind of style and tone are used and for what purpose?
  • How does the speaker appeal to reason? To emotion?

Complete your exit ticket based on M.L.K. Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Speech.

Effectiveness

  • Does the message/speaker succeed in fulfilling the author's/ speaker's intentions? For whom?

  • Does the author/speaker effectively fit his/her message to the circumstances, times, and audience?

  • What does the nature of the communication reveal about the culture that produced it?
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