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-Parliament started passing laws ending the harsh working conditions.

-1842- mine owners were forbidden to employ women or children under 10.

Chapter 23 Section 2: Social And Economic Reform

Victories for the Working Class

Improving Working Conditions

The Growth of Labor Unions

- Labor unions were outlawed in the early Industrial Revolution.

-trade unions made legal in 1825.

-Unions spread despite restrictions and gradually won additional rights.

A Series of Reforms

Free Trade and Corn Laws

Instability in Ireland

Later Reforms

Fabian Society

Campaign Against Slavery

-Late 1800's,early 1900's, both political parties made social reforms that benefited the working class

-Disraeli sponsored laws to improve public health and housing for workers.

-Under Gladstone, an education act made elementary education free for all children.

-Gladstone pushed for government jobs to be granted by merit, birth or wealth.

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-In the 1600's, English and Scottish settlers colonized Ireland.

-Irish never accepted British rule.

-Bitterly resented absentee landlords.

-Resistance and rebellion were common.

- A socialist organization founded in 1883.

-Promoted gradual change through legal means not violence.

-Small in number.

-Had strong influence on British politics.

The Struggle to Win Votes for Women

-Debate over corn laws, which imposed high tariffs on imported grain

-Farmers and wealthy landowners supported Corn Laws because they kept price of british grain high.

-Free traders wanted Parliament to repeal them.

-They finally did in 1846 after widespread crop failures in Europe.

- Liberals called the repeal a victory for free trade and laissez-faire.

-not all women supported the suffrage.

-even women who supported it were split on how to achieve it.

-Under pressure from middle-class reformers in Britain, France and and US, the campaign against slavery began.

-Britain first to abolish slavery.

-Banning slave trade didn't end slavery.

-Liberals preached the immorality of slavery.

-In 1833, Parliament passed a law banning slavery in all British colonies.

Irish Nationalism

Struggle for Home Rule

- nationalists leader Daniel O'Connell organized an Irish Catholic League.

  • held mass meetings to repeal unfair laws

-Britain moved to improve conditions in Ireland under pressure from O'Connell and other Irish nationalists.

-1892- Parliament passed Catholic Emancipation Act which allowed Irish Catholics to vote and hold political office.

-Absentee landlords could still evict tenants almost at will.

-British laws forbade teaching and speaking Irish.

Suffragists Revolt

-Famine in Ireland left Irish with distrust towards Britain.

Irish militants organized Fenian Brotherhood.

  • leader Charles Stewart rallied Irish members of Parliament to push for home rule.
  • local self government.

- Prime Minister Gladstone pushed for reforms in Ireland.

-He ended use of Irish tithe money to support Anglican church and tried to ease hardships of Irish tenant farmers.

-New laws prevented landlords from charging unfair rents.

-In 1914 Parliament passed home rule bill.

Crime and Punishment

Fenian Brotherhood

Victory at Last

Goal:

Liberate Ireland from British rule by force.

-Early 1800's: 200 crimes were punishable by death.

-Some juries refused to convict criminals because the punishments were so harsh.

-Reformers began to reduce the number of capital offenses.

-Petty criminals were transported to settlements for convicts in new British territory of Australia.

- Suffrage leader Emmeline Pankhurst believed aggressive tactics would be the only way to become victorious..

-Collected petitions and organized public demonstrations.

-When these peaceful attempts didn't work, they turned towards violence.

- Smashed windows, burned buildings.

- Eventually even middle-class women who were against the violent tactics suffragists has turned to, the were still demanding votes for women.

-Not until 1918 did Parliament grant women the right to vote, but only women over age 30.

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