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Bellringer - Mohandas Gandhi was important to Indian history because...
Objectives:
Understand the twenty-one demands
Describe the Rape of Nanjing
Compare communism and nationalism
Identify Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek
The president of China's new republic, Sun Yixian, hoped to rebuild China on the Three Principles of the People - Nationalism, democracy, and economic security for everyone.
Sun stepped down in 1912 in favor of General Yuan Shikai. Sun hoped that Shikai would create a strong central government, but instead divided the nation.
Because of this, local warlords seized power and battled for control among each other.
What Were the 21 demands?
The 21 demands were a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate.
These 21 demands were put forth as warlords in China were fighting for control. The Chinese did not have the resources to keep foreign merchants, soldiers, and missionaries out of the ports and dominating the Chinese economy.
China gave in to some of the demands because of its inability to protect itself. It was very weak at this point.
At the Paris Peace Conference that ended WWI, the Allies gave Japan control over some of the former German possessions in China. This made the Chinese incredibly mad.
In response, the May 4th Movement was started by students In Beijing. These protests spread to cities all across China.
reformers sought to improve China's position by rejecting Confucian traditions and learning from the West.
After failed attemps by Yuan Shikai to gain control over China, Sun Yixian established a Guomindang party whose government controlled the southern part of China.
Guomindang - The Nationalist Party of China who is controlled by Sun Yixian.
He could not defeat the warlords of the North, so he petitioned western democracies for help. They refused. This forced Sun Yixian and his Guomindang to turn to the Soviet Union for assistance, which they received. However, he still believed China's future should be based on the Three Principles of the People.
Sun Yixian and Chiang Kai-Shek, the leader of the Nationalist party, joined forces and marched North, conquering all warlords in their way.
Chiang Kai-Shek saw this as his opportunity to strike at the Communists. In 1927 the Nationalist Guomindang troops slaughtered countless Communist Party members and the workers who supported them.
This massacre marked the beginning of a civil war between the Communists and the Guomindang that lasted for 22 years.
Chiang Kai-Shek - Guomindang (Nationalist)
Mao Zedong - Communist
Escaped the massacre of Communists led by Chiang Kai-Shek.
Mao Zedong led the Communist masses and gave them land in southeastern China in which to build upon.
Chiang Kai-Shek was determined to destroy the "red bandits" or Communists.
He led the Guomindang on "Extermination Campaigns" which sought to kill any Communists or their supporters.
Chiang Kai-Shek forced Mao Zedong and the Communist to endure an incredibly long retreat called "The Long March". This retreat lasted one year, and spanned almost 6000 miles through rough terrain.
The Communist forces were harassed throughout the entire retreat by the Guomindang
At the end of the Long March, the Communists set up a new base camp in a remote region of northern China. There, Mao rebuilt his forces and plotted new strategies for fighting the Guomindang.
Mao Zedong started the Long March with 100,000 men, and after their year-long retreat, ended with 8,000 men left.
Japanese Invasion
In 1931, Japan invaded the province of Manchuria in China. This forced the Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek to join forces or risk losing China altogether.
Japanese eventually pushed inland and reached the city of Nanjing. The city surrendered.
What was the Rape of Nanjing?
The Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians and brutalized still more. The cruelty and destruction became known around the world as the "Rape of Nanjing."
Mao Zedong and the Communists finally triumphed and Allied with the United States during World War II. Mao and his followers brought an era of change to China.
What are the similarities and differences between communism and nationalism?
Compare Communist Vs. Nationalist
Use your T-Chart to compare and contrast Communism and Nationalism using Pg. 508-509.
Please answer the following questions:
1) What were the 21 demands?
2) What happened during the Rape of Nanjing?
3) What political party were Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-Shek associated with, respectively?
Exit Card
Primary Source Activity:
"The long march is also a seeding machine. It has sown many seeds in eleven provinces, which will sprout, grow leaves, blossom into flowers, bear fruit, and yield a crop." -Mao Zedong
In your groups, discuss this quote and what it meant for the communists during the Long March.