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World History EOC Review
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What kind of effects would this cause?
Ten Commandments: Established a moral code of conduct; emphasizes living justly, belief in one God, honoring one's parents, not killing or stealing.
Is this seen anywhere in our lives today?
7. Under constant attach from outside its borders, the Roman Empire divided into two halves. The Western half, with its capital in Rome, was eventually overrun by barbarian tribes and fell in 476 A.D. The eastern half survived almost another 1000 years as the Byzantine Empire.
city-state: an autonomous territory, not governed by another government and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory
Democracy: government by the people, exercised either directly or through representatives
Is the US a direct of representative democracy??
republic: a political system where people elect officials to exercise power for them
(also protects the interests of the minority)
These were mentioned on your benchmarks and on other test reviews....take notes!!!
Gupta Empire: They ushered in the "Golden Age of Hindu Culture".
Advanced concept of zero, and the decimal system.
Their system of numerals is used today.
Mandate of Heaven: right to rule claimed to have been granted to Ancient Chinese rulers by the gods.
How did this effect the whole world???
What did this do to the power of the king?
Caliphates: Islamic state, territory controlled by Islamic rulers (aka Caliphs)
During this time, the Church was a MAJOR part of life and the civilization.
How did art change from the Medieval to the Renaissance?
How would these things help a monarch gain power?
This principle arose again during the American Revolution and is seen in the Declaration of Independence.
Why would the Scientific Revolution reject the Church?
to pacify someone by agreeing to their demands
Commercial Revolution
Atlantic Slave Trade
Ltd Monarchy in England
Great Schism
Pre Colombian Civilizations
The End of Medieval Europe
Mauryan Empire (269-232 BCE)
New Social order developed, known as the caste system
Let's end where we began...
economic policy that says that a nation benefits by accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods
Dynasties of China
Mercantilism
China's history is divided into dynasties...
Hinduism
Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses - all are forms of one Supreme Being.
Asoka allowed all religions in India.
Capture: Africans were captured by other African tribes and were often sold to European slave traders on West African Coast.
This philosophy stressed kindness, peace, harmony, and following the natural order - each person's role in society is due to his or her position in the universe.
The Crusades....These exposed Europeans to eastern ideas and goods and stimulated trade; increased trade led to growth of towns.
The Inca Empire developed along the Pacific coast and in the Andes mountains of South America; they grew potatoes; built roads and stone buildings.
Introduced Hinduism to India
Qin Dynasty
MAYA
Zhou Dynasty
Belief in reincarnation
Rulers increased their power by amassing gold and silver through conquests, taxes, trade and obtaining colonies.
monotheistic or polytheistic???
- Shi Huang-ti: First emperor of China
- Unified China under his rule
- built/improved/expanded Great Wall of China
Beliefs: self-denial and meditation
one must give up selfish desires to find true peace and harmony
eight-fold path
Occurred when there were Popes in Avignon and Rome; led people question authority of the Church.
Middle Passage
- Traditional checks on English king's power
- Magna Carta (1215) limited king's power
- English Parliament (legislature)
- Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ruled with Parliament
Inca
James I favored divine right. His son, Charles, tried to rule without Parliament.
English Civil War: Parliament defeated and executed Charles I (1649).
So how did tha work for him?
See if it makes more sense now...
Developed Sanskrit, a form of writing
Believed their ruler was in power due to Mandate of Heaven.
In every relationship there is a superior and inferior.
What was the purpose of the Crusades?
Were they successful?
- Merchants developed new methods to finance large business ventures
- used borrowing and joint stock companies to raise the large amounts of capital needed for these ventures
Millions were taken in ships chained together in inhumane conditions, for voyage across the Atlantic to the New World.
Joint Stock Company is a business owned by stockholders.
This supports the caste system.
Black Death
Asoka built roads and hospitals.
Silk Road
Han Dynasty
Confucius establish a philosophy followed in China for centuries.
Siddhartha Gautama: Known as Buddha
Rich prince who set off in search of truth
Created city-states in major river valleys.
Treatment
Aryans came to India around 1500 BC
Reincarnation: We're born in a new form after we die, based on deeds in this life.
John Locke: justified Glorious Revolution. Locke stated that subjects have a right to rebel against an oppressive government.
William Blackstone: summarized English law
over two centuries, the Aztecs engaged in frequent wars to conquer other people of the region. In Mexico.
Great Famine...A decade of extended rains led to serious food shortages in Europe.
More than 3,000 years ago, the Maya developed a complex civilization in the rainforests of present day Guatemala; developed a form of writing; grew corn.
Empires in India
- kept China unified over the next 400 years
- selected officials based on examinations
- established trade along Silk Road
- Glorious Revolution: James II was overthrown by William of Orange and his daughter, Mary.
- English Bill of Rights: stated supremacy of parliament and the right of subjects.
Buddhism
Confucianism
when enslaved Africans arrived, they were forced to work under brutal conditions
A good ruler should govern justly and for the benefit of his subjects.
Killed one third of the world's population; shortage of labor led to the decline of serfdom.
Aztec
Began in India around 500 BC
FREE ENTERPRISE (Capitalism)
Capitalism is an economic system in which trade, industry and the means of production are controlled by private owners with the goal of making profits in a market economy
What is a famine?
How could rain lead to a food SHORTAGE?
The Protestant Reformation
New colonial societies emerged.
Roman Civilization
Roman Empire
The "Classical Era" in the East
Renaissance
Christopher Columbus "encountered" the Americas after crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
5. Confucianism became China's dominant belief system. Based on the teachings of Confucius, it stressed kindness and following traditional ways to achieve peace and harmony.
Effects - The encounter (1492) had many lasting effects
- Europeans learned about new foods, such as corn, tomatoes, and chocolate.
- Europeans established vast colonial empires in the Americas
- Millions of Native Americans died from exposure to new European diseases, such as smallpox and measles.
Rome: built on fertile plain in the middle of Italy
The Renaissance sparked a rebirth of classical culture in Italy from about 1350 to the 1500's.
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
Martin Luther objected to the Church's sale of indulgences. In his Ninety-Five Theses (1517), Luther challenged the Pope's authority. Luther broke from the Church.
Economy - further increases in trade
1. The Aryans introduced Hinduism and the caste system to India, creating hereditary social classes.
Factors leading to growth of royal power:
- Kings increased size of their army.
- Kings raised more taxes among their subjects.
- Kings subdued nobility.
- Royal authority based on "reason of state" - need for order, or divine right.
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
If you are called to go to court, you must go. If you don’t show up, you can be taken to court by force.
If you need a witness to testify and he will not show up, you can go once every three days and shout in front of his house.
Should a tree on a neighbor's farm be bend crooked by the wind and lean over your farm, you may take legal action for removal of that tree.
If it's your tree, it’s your fruit, even if it falls on another man’s land.
A person who had been found guilty of giving false witness shall be hurled down from the Tarpeian Rock.
No person shall hold meetings by night in the city.
A dead man shall not be buried or burned within the city.
Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. (As time went on, this law was changed. When the tables were first written, this was the law.)
Subdue:to bring under control, especially under by exerting will
World History EOC Review
Leonardo da Vinci
Political - Rise of powerful state: Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince
Secularism...Thinkers used observation to observe the world, rather than rely on church teachings.
Catholics and Protestants are BOTH Christian.
Divine Right: a monarch's power come from God and they only have to answer to God
Native Americans gradually converted to religion of the Europeans - Christianity.
Other countries - France, Holland, and England set up colonies in the New World...mainly North America.
Speeded economic growth in North Europe.
After uniting Italy, Rome defeated Carthage, and spread to Western Europe. Augustus became the first emperor. Christianity gradually spread.
Europeans brought new animals and food to the Americas, including horses, cattle, chicken, pigs, wheat, sugar, and rice.
Led to a century of religious wars between Catholics and Protestants.
ouch!!
How was this different from the Medieval time period?
4. China was ruled by a series of dynasties (ruling families)
Henry VIII of England broke with the Catholic Church.
Artistic - New realistic paintings and sculpture: Giotto, Masaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo.
Humanism...Renaissance thinkers celebrated HUMAN achievements and focused on individual worth.
Michelangelo
Medieval Art
Others, like John Calvin, started Protestant churches of their own.
7. The fall of the Han Dynasty in the East had some similarities to the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.
Absolute Monarchy...King Louis XIV (14) of France
- His will was law.
- He permitted no criticism to his rule.
- Built Versailles Palace to house nobles.
- Developed a large and powerful army.
Giotti
Ended religious unity in Europe
da Vinci
GLORY
Twelve Tables
why?
Effects of the Protestant Reformation
- Changed ways of thinking.
- new ways of scientific investigation
- rejected traditional teachings of church
- Robert Boyle: Investigated gases
- Issac Newton: laws of gravity
Roman Republic
GOLD
There was a viceroy for present day Mexico/America and one for South America.
These men acted as governors and appointed leaders to take care of smaller districts.
Kingdom of Mali
Muslim and Mughal Empire
THE MONGOLS!!!
Sikhism
Ottoman Empire
Prospered by taxing the gold-salt trade
Controlled the gold-salt trade
Golden Age of China
Age of Faith: Catholic Church
Islam
Kublai Khan
Feudalism
Middle Ages in Europe
Ottomans allowed Christians and Jews some limited self-government.
People in the Middle Ages
3. The Gupta Empire was marked by a "Golden Age of Hindu Culture," which saw growth in learning, the arts, literature, the sciences, and mathematics.
The Golden Age of Muslim Culture
was located on land route between Europe and Asia. Lasted for almost 1,000 years.
A religion that combined beliefs from Islam and Hinduism
They developed their own form of Christianity known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Why is this a good idea? (religious toleration)
Catholic Counter Reformation
Kingdoms of Africa
Merchants crossed the Sahara to trade salt for gold and other riches.
The Catholic Church was the most powerful organization in Western Europe. The Pope was the head of the church.
Serfs worked on the land of their lord. Most people lived on self-sufficient manors.
Ottomans also dominated the Mediterranean until they were defeated by Spain.
Make sure you watch this one!!
beautiful palaces and mosques; calligraphy; geometrical designs
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
Shiite Muslims
- Introduced compass and paper money.
- Greatly increased farm production.
- Population saw an increase in wealth.
- Introduce the use of gunpowder in war.
Gold
GOD
Mathematics
St. Augustine
Salt
argued men could judge government laws against natural law and could overthrown unjust rulers (sound familiar?)
Taj Mahal is regarded by many as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Islamic, Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Indian architectural styles. (Wikipedia)
It was built as a mausoleum for the Mughal emperor's (Shah Jahan) third wife.
How did the Catholic Church encourage learning and advances??
The Church was the main center of learning.
How did the Catholic Church discourage learning and advancements?
Plebeians: The normal citizens of Rome
Feudalism arose in Europe out of the chaos after the fall of Rome. It provided security and protection in a period of great turmoil.
Patricians: the ruling class
Kingdom of Ghana
2. Although Buddhism began in India, it spread rapidly throughout South, Central Southeast and East Asia. Asoka, a Mauryan ruler, adopted Buddhism.
St. Thomas Aquinas
Borrowed the concept of the zero from India. Developed Arabic numerals. Advances in geometry and algebra.
Economic System (Manorialism)
Today it is called Istanbul, and is located in Turkey.
established the Yuan Dynasty in China. Visited by Marco Polo.
Constantinople
Spanish conquerors (conquistadors) subdued the Aztecs (Cortes) and Incas (Pizarro). Established colonies in the Americas.
why?
appealed to faith in God
believe only Mohammed's descendants could be caliphs.
Europeans came to the Americas for the 3 G's....
Babur founded the Mughal Empire:
- Akbar the Great conquered Muslim and Hindu states, uniting India under his control
- Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal
Religion
Oneness with God
Share and equality among people
Spiritual and Secular intertwined
Truthful, fidelity, self-control, purity
- Council of Trent: ended the sale of Indulgences, introduced Church reforms, began a Church ban of certain books.
- Inquisition: tried and executed person who were suspected of committing heresy (non-Catholic beliefs)
- Jesuits: New Catholic order (poverty, knowledge)
- Religious Wars: Catholic rulers cooperated with the Pope in fighting Protestantism. Europe became divided between Catholic countries and Protestant countries [mainly England (P) and France (C)]
Central Asia saw the rise of nomadic peoples who excelled at horsemanship and fighting skills.
Architecture
Ottoman Turks, ruled by the Sultan, emerge in the 1200s and captured Constantinople in 1453.
moved the capital from Rome to Constantinople in 330 AD
6. The Qin Empire, Shih Huagn-ti, united distant parts of China and built the Great Wall to protect China from foreign invaders.
King John
Muslim = Islamic
Political System
Also grew rich from trade across Sahara. Its people were Muslims; expanded trade with Europe and Asia.
Rise of Islam
Sunni Muslims
Founded Islam. He believed God had selected him as a messenger to preach faith in Allah, the one true God.
Expanded Timbuktu, which became center of Islamic learning and culture.
The Ming Dynasty overthrew the Mongols in China and established 300 years of peace; later Ming emperors were involved in trade with Europe.
geometric designs; textile; leather works; rugs
The Catholic Church fought back against the rise of Protestantism.
Their empire was located at the crossroads between Europe and Asia.
Over time, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost its territories. In 1453, it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
The Muslims established Sultanates in Northwest India.
Church wealth grew as many nobles who died left their land to the church in order to gain entry into heaven.
Europe after the fall of Rome....
- In the East - the Roman Empire continued as the Byzantine Empire
- In the West - Europe experienced centuries of turmoil as different groups invaded and political authority was frequently challenged by outbreaks of violence.
Society was divided between king, nobles, knights, and serfs. Lords gave land t vassals in exchange for service.
Medicine
Charlemange (Charles the Great)
Justinian - Code of Justinian (533 AD)
collected all of the existing Roman laws and legal opinions and organized into a single code.
How could you say the Crusades were a failure?
Colonial Empires
Spain sought gold and silver from the new world.
- Reunited China and brought peace and prosperity.
- Reintroduced government examinations
- Great advances were made in architecture, sculpture, and painting.
- Conquered Korea and Manchuria.
In the 7th century, Islam arose on the Arabian Peninsula.
Scientific Revolution
New Spanish colonies were ruled by viceroys.
Followed a new caliph not related to Mohammed.
Learned to diagnose many diseases such as measles and smallpox
Mohammad
and the Knights Templar come from the Crusades.
Ming Dynasty Phoenix Crown
How could you say the Crusades were a success?
Emperor Constantine
Ibn Battuta
Stories about Robin Hood
Sultanates
Spread of Islam
Five Pillars of Islam
Chinggis Khan united Mongols and attacked China; promoted trade in the empire.
Mansa Musa visited Cairo and Mecca
During 1200, the Mongols of Central Asia established the world's largest empire.
- country ruled by sultan: a country ruled by a sultan
- rank of sultan: the rank or position of sultan
- sultan's reign: the period of a sultan's reign
End of Empire
A republic has a system of government by elected representatives. Roman society had two main social classes: Patricians and Plebeians
Song Dynasty (920-1279)
Crusades - Christian Europeans challenged the Muslims for control of the Holy Land. The Crusades increased interest in trade with the East.
signed the Magna Carta in 1215. It guaranteed Englishmen the right to a trial and required consent of the nobles before passing any new taxes.
Quran - Holy book of Islam. Contains God's message as spoken to Mohammad.
This occurred in WESTERN Europe. Why would those in the Byzantine Empire be upset by this??
Roman code of laws that stated citizens were "equal under the law" and "innocent until proven guilty."
Kingdom of Songhai
Christians believed the Church had the power to send people to Heaven or Hell.
The king ruled with the advice of his leading nobles. The nobles served the king with their knights, armed warriors on horses.
The Byzantine Empire
Social System
How would this effect the church?
Muslims began invading Northwest India in the later 7th century.
Arts and Crafts
They controlled the Middle East and parts of Eastern Europe.
wrote his accounts of travels across Africa and the Middle East
Within 100 years, the Islamic Caliphates controlled the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.
was crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Aachen in 800 AD, expanding the empire, and revived learning.
Causes
Free Enterprise
Architecture
Pre-Conditions of the Industrial Revolution
American Revolution
Golden Age of Greek Culture
The answers to these questions often dictate what form of economy to adopt.
Declaration of Independence was written mainly by Thomas Jefferson and applied Enlightenment ideas.
Impact of Industrial Revolution
Enlightenment
Parthenon: Temple to goddess Athena, high point of Greek architecture
- Inequality among the Estates (social classes)
- severe financial crisis
- spread of Enlightenment ideas questioned privileges
Producers make what they want.
Consumers buy what they need.
Supply and demand determine price.
Goods were no longer made at home, but mass produced.
Sparta:
Steamboats and Railroads
Applied human reason to society
Scientific advances in the 17th and 18th centuries made inventors open to new ways to doing things. They had the technical skills to build the new machines
French Revolution
During this period, the Greeks enjoyed great prosperity and made significant achievements in art, literature and philosophy.
Great Britain was ready for changes because of favorable geography conditions.
Britain had good transportation and communication systems,
global trade and prosperous agriculture.
Economic Impact: mass production of goods made them more available and cheaper.
- What will be produced?
- How will it be produced?
- Who gets what is produced?
Transportation Revolution
Three estates:
Nobility
Clergy
Peasants
Mountains cut off centers of population from each other. This led to development of separate city-states.
Developed world's first democracy, but women, foreigners and slaves were not citizens and could not take part in Athenian government.
- Voltaire
- Baron de Montesquieu
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Thomas Hobbes
Factory System
Robespierre launched a revolutionary Reign of Terror against all dissenters. Introduced mass conscription (draft into military).
established a stable government with a separation of powers, as suggest by Baron de Montesquieu
What does this political cartoon symbolize?
- questioned role of Catholic Church
- rejected traditional teachings of the Church
- opposed hereditary privileges
- sought to reform society
Athens created statues and buildings to perfect proportion.
Basic Economic Questions
Philosophers
Social Impact: people moved from the countryside to towns and cities.
What is the difference in a revolution and rebellion?
Add a description to these:
US Constitution
Great Britain had st commercial outlook and a global empire.
Karl Marx
Plato
- Bastille: Citizens stormed the Bastille to get weapons.
- Convention executed Louis XVI in 1793
- France was at war with most of Europe.
A city state that was military in nature. Life was organized around military needs. At an early age, males were taught to be strong soldiers serving the state.
Impact of the American Revolution
Felt capitalists oppressed workers. One day workers would overthrow capitalists and establish a classless society. Private property is eliminated....SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM
- Colonists objected to the British government's imposing new taxes without their consent: "no taxation without representation"!!
- Colonists were influenced by religion, legacy of the Glorious Revolution and Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke.
Spinning Jenny: invented in 1764
Who is this??
City-States
Athenians believed human reason was powerful enough to understand the world and solve problems. Noted Greek philosophers question nature and life.
Athens
James Watts improved the steam engine. Allowed for improvements across the board.
Socrates
Economics
Industrial Revolution
Explained the free enterprise system stated the "Invisible Hand' theory which guides individual actions so that they actually work for the common good.
Political impact: 1) Reform movements demanded social change, such as 10 hour work day and a ban on child labor. 2) middle class supported reforms in England, like the Reforms Bill of 1832 3) led to unification of Italy and Germany.
Aristotle
The success of the American Revolution encouraged the outbreak of the French Revolution. It also led to the rise of independence movements through Latin America.
Textile Revolution
Greek Civilization
Steam Engine
Leading Enlightenment Thinkers
Why would other countries have a problem with the French executing their king? (ex. The KING of England wasn't too happy.)
- Louis XVI summoned the Estates General to vote on new taxes in 1789 to relieve the financial crisis.
- The Third Estate (peasants) declared itself a National Assembly and issued the Declaration of Rights of Man.
Adam Smith
The Persian Empire
Persian Accomplishments
- learned to use coins, moving from barter to money economy
- built hundreds of roads to unify empire
- established a postal service
Important Ideas
The "Classical Era" in the West
Some terrorists attacks since 9.11.01
Cyrus the Great: Ruler who united the Persian Empire
RESULT: DESPITE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY, US COULD NOT TURN TIDE. US WITHDREW IN 1973. VIETNAM UNIFIED UNDER COMMUNISM IN 1975.
Definition
Imperialism
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
4. Rome was the heir to the Greek civilization. Early Romans developed a republican form of government, based on elected representatives and the "rule of law."
Terrorism
Scramble for Africa
OPEC
1. Persia grew large and powerful through military conquests, building good roads, collecting tribute, and tolerating differences among its subjects.
Violent acts meant to support a political goal
- Indonesians and Vietnamese fight; win independence from Holland and France.
Characteristics of Imperialism: the political and economic control of one area or country by another.
Cold War (1946-1991)
Global competition between the US and Soviet Union; both armed with atomic weapons
Oklahoma City - April 19, 1995
Britain takes Egypt to keep control fo the Suez Canal.
Berlin Conference: (1884-1885)
King Leopold II: King of Belgium, ruled COngo located in central Afrrica; treated natives harshly, killing millions to increase production in his rubber plantations.
Civil War (1919-1921)
- War between Reds (Communists) and Whites (anti-Communists)
- ended in Communist victory
Eastern Europe
Southeast Asia
5. As Rome expanded, it changed into an empire. The Roman emperor was seen as godlike.
10.12.02: Nightclub in Indonesia bomb killed 202 people
10.23.2002: Chechens raided Moscow theater. All perpetrators and 130 hostages killed
11.2003: suicide truck bombs attacked two synagogues, British consulate and London based bank in Istanbul. Killing 50
3.11.2004: bombs on trains in Madrid killed 191. Al Qaida blamed.
7.7.2005: 52 killed when four al-Qaida suicide bombers detonated on London subway
9.20.2008: dump truck filled with explosive exploded outside hotel in Pakistan, killed 50 (Taliban and al-Qaida suspected)
11.23.2008: gunmen associated with terror group attack Mumbai, India killing 164
7.22.2011: Anti-Muslim extremists plant bomb in Oslo, and attack youth camp killing 77, mostly teenagers
3.11.2012: gunman linked to al-Qaida killed three jewish children, a rabbi and three paratroopers in Toulouse France
9.21.2013: Gunmen attack shoppers in Kenya killing 67 adn wounding 175 more (al-Shabaab claim responsibility)
1.3-7.2015: Boko Haraam attack Nigeria. death toll between 150-2,000
1.7.2015: al-Qaida gunmen killed 11 people at Charlie Hebdo magazine in Parsi. 17 die and three gunmen shot at kosher market
4.2015: Up to 147 people - mostley students - killed at University in Kenya (al-Shabaab)
10.10.2015: Suicide bombers detonate in Ankara killing 100 (Turkey)
11.13.2015: paris attacks leave 130 dead and others wounded at various attacks throughout the city
3.22.2016: nail bombs at Brussels Airport and a metro station killed 32 and three perpetrators. 300 injured
- Bolsheviks come to power. Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, promised "Peace, Bread and Land" to Russian peasants. They seized power; withdrew from the war; founded the first Communist government.
ELECTIONS: REUNIFICATION ELECTIONS WERE NEVER HELD AS PROMISED.
Despite Yalta Conference pledge, Soviets refused to hold free elections after WWII allowed Communist puppet governments to take power.
Russian Revolution (1917)
Africa
Warsaw Pact. Alliance of Eastern Europe and Soviet Union as a countermeasure to NATO.
- bombing of Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City
- Killed 168 people
- Conceived by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols
- McVeigh supported local militais and was angered at the federal government's use of power in sieges on Ruby Ridge (1992) and Waco, Texas (1993).
- Gandhi used non-violent resistance.
- Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan created.
Darius: son of Cyrus the Great, introduced uniform measure and built several new cities.
The US developed the domino theory that Vietnam would cause other SE Asian nations to fall to communism and they invested supplies, training and eventually thousands of troops in fighting communism there.
VIET CONG. GUERRILLA FIGHTERS IN SOUTH, CALLED VIET CONG, HAD NORTHERN HELP.
BY 1964, THERE WERE 500,000 US TROOPS HELPING SOUTH VIETNAM.
US OFFICIALS FEARED SPREAD OF COMMUNISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.
- Russia entered WWI. They lost many battles and food supplies to cities cut off by war. Food riots broke out.
- Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown and executed. A provisional government was established.
- Anastasia's dad
SOLDIERS WHO DO NOT FOLLOW THE TYPICAL WAR TACTICS: RAIDS, AMBUSH, SABOTAGE...
2. The city-state of Greece grew prosperous through trade. Greek culture was characterized by questions spirit. The Greeks made contributions to art, architecture, literature, history, drama, philosophy, and mathematics.
"Old Imperialism"
1973 Oil Crisis
3. The city-state of Athens developed the world's first democracy. In this system, all Athenian citizens participated in important political decisions. Not all Athenians were citizens. Women, slaves, and foreign residents could not vote.
Berlin Blockade and Airlift
Standoffs
Zoroastrianism: a new religion based on Zoroaster, who taught there were two gods
light and goodness
dark and evil
NATO
After WWII ended, Soviets and the Allies co-occupied Berlin as Germany was divided into an eastern half (Russian) and western half (Allies). Berlin itself was also divided
A system of segregation and discrimination based on race
- Ghana was the first to achieve independence in 1957; other countries soon followed.
- Problem of apartheid in South Africa; Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994.
Before WWI, most Russians lived in poverty while the Tsar and nobles were immensely rich.
Eric Rudolph
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization based on the North Atlantic Treaty signed 4.4.1949
- Alliance formed by Western Europe and US to protect against Societs
South Asia
Communist Nations
India: Ruled by British (Raj); used trained Indian soldiers known as "Sepoys" to easily put down Sepoy Rebellion (British had better weapons and trained soldiers).
Neutral Nations
Cuban Missile Crisis
Democratic Nations
The goal of OPEC is to unify and coordinate petroleum prices among its member countries in order to secure stable prices for petroleum in consumer countries.
1962 standoff between the US and the Soviet Union over missiles located in Cuba. After the Soviets sent the missiles to Cuba, President John F Kennedy put up a blockade to prevent shipments. After a tense few days, the Soviet missiles were removed.
In response to the US supporting Israeli military efforts to block Muslims and Egyptians from the Sinai Peninsula, some OPEC nations (Egypt, Syria, Tunisia) created an oil embargo (limiting trade) against the US. Other countries in Europe pulled away from the US to escape the same fate, while the US attempted negotiations with both sides for peace in the region and raising of the embargo. This led to higher oil and gas prices and dominoed into possibly the first prominent economic setback since the Great Depression.
"Iron Curtain" Falls: Eastern Europe is cut off from contact with the West.
6. Christianity, a religion that arose in the Middle East, was adopted by the Roman Emperor Constantine and became the religion of the Roman Empire. The religion survived Rome's collapse.
IN 1954, FRENCH WITHDREW. VITNAM WAS SPLIT. HO CHI MINH CREATED COMMUNIST STATE IN THE NORTH. SOUTH VIETNAM FAVORED THE WEST (CAPITALISM).
Decolonization of Asia and Africa
CLICK PICS TO ZOOM
- Executed a series of bombings in the US from 1996-1998
- Bombed the Olympics in Atlanta (Centennial Park) as well as several abortion clinics.
- Maintained as a fugitive until he was caught in 2005, serving consecutive life sentences.
- Acted in the interests of anti-abortionists.
Southeast Asia: French, Dutch, Spanish established colonies there.
Vietnam War
JUDAISM
Korean War (1950-1953)
- North Korea invaded South Korea in June 1950
- After a push by both sides, an armistice was signed in 1953, but troops remained stationed on either side of the demilitarized zone (DMZ)
- No peace treaty was ever signed.
Judaism was the religion of the ancient Hebrews. It began in the ancient lands now known as Israel. Moses led the Jews out of Egyptian slavery.
September 11, 2001
Containment
"Informal Imperialism"
Key Events for WWII
The Rise of River Valley Civilizations
Important Ideas:
Radical Islamic Fundamentalism
Human Rights
Terrorists attack the United States.
- United States assisted South Korea against invasion by North Korea (Communist).
- Later, Communist China entered the war on the side of North Korea.
YELLOW JOURNALISM
Worldwide Conflict Between:
- Axis Powers (Italy, Germany, Japan)
- Allied Powers (Britain, US, Russia)
Iranian Revolution, 1979
President Truman took steps to block the spread of Soviet Communism in Europe.
- Korea became a divided nation after Japanese occupation in WWII. Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. They were divided by the 38th parallel.
3. A civilization is a form of human culture in which some people live in cities, have complex social institutions, use some form of writing and are skilled at using science and technology.
Overthrew the Shah and established an Islamic state.
7. The earliest civilizations were theocracies and monarchies. In a theocracy, religions leaders govern. In a monarch, a hereditary ruler heads the government.
China: Opium War (1839-1842) and establishment of spheres of influence by European powers. British began selling opium in China to buy tea. Chinese government objected and British declared war defeated the Chinese and setting up "treaty ports" giving the British trading privileges which hurt the Chinese economy.
Judaism: the first religion to teach monotheism - the belief in one God.
1. The earliest humans survived by hunting and gathering their food. They used tools of wood, bone and stone. Used fire.
Six millions Jews were killed in concentration camps, such as Auschwitz.
- Genocide in Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, Burundi, and Darfur
- Las Madres de la Plaza de Mayo: the disappearance of people from Argentine
- worst terrorist attack in US history
- Occurred on September 11, 2001
- A series of four coordinated strikes by hijacked airplaines on the Twin Towers of NYC, the Pentagon in DC, and the White House (plane headed to the White House was forced down by passengers)
What is a theocracy?
Culture: A people's way of life - their foods, clothing, customs and beliefs. Culture is a learned behavior passed from one generation to the next.
Holocaust
Latin America: Britain and the United States dominated the economy of this area. Spain controlled Cuba, Puerto Rico and a few islands in the Caribbean. People rebelled against Spain because of harsh working conditions in the sugarcane fields. Spain used brutal force; USS Maine is blown up in Havana killing 250 American soldiers (1898); led to the Spanish-American War(1898); US acquires Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
League of Nations: was too weak to maintain world peace.
They were unable to make any major decisions that would be beneficial.
- perpetrated by al Qaeda and masterminded by Osama bin laden, who blamed the attack on the US' support of Israel and troops in Saudi Arabia.
- Bin Laden was captured and killed in May 2011.
Civilization: Advanced form of society in which some people live in cities, have complex institutions, use some form of writing, and are skilled in science and technology
Marshall Plan
Japanese Aggression
Atom Bomb. US dropped atom bombs on Japanese cities: Hiroshima and Nagasaki
What is a monarchy?
Truman Doctrine
Japan attacked China in 1937.
Launched a surprise air attach on Pear Harbor in 1937.
WRITE SOME EXAMPLES OF EACH!!!
Coalition forces went to war in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Al-Qaeda
Normandy landings in France in 1944 opened a second front against Germany. (DDay...Operation Overlord)
Torah (Old Testament): History of Jewish people is told the the first books of the Christian Bible. This contains their history and the law of God.
My husband was on this ship when the picture was taken!!
Resents Western Culture
Aid given to Western European nations to rebuild their economies to help stop Communist revolutions.
- President Truman announced US would give military aid to all free people resisting Communism.
Boxer Rebellion (1899): Chinese rebelled against the spread of foreign influence in China. Hundreds of foreigners were killed; US played a key role in putting the rebellion down and establishing an "Open Door Policy" in China.
2. About 10,000 years ago, people in the Middle East developed the first agriculture and domesticated animals during the Neolithic Revolution.
6. Other early civilizations developed along the Indus River on the Indian Subcontinent and along the Huang He (Yellow River) in China.
Nuremberg Trials
Nazi leaders were put on trial for war crimes and genocide.
- Hitler marched into Austria and seized it.
- Britain and France appeased Hitler, giving him a large part of Czechoslovakia (to avoid war).
- Hitler-Stalin Pact: Non-aggression pact. This allowed Hitler to invade Poland in 1939, which began WWII.
- Germans conquered Western Europe using lightning attacks, called blitzkrieg.
5. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia invented the wheel, sailboat and cuneiform writing. The Egyptians developed an advanced civilization along the banks of the Nile. They built large stone pyramids for the afterlife of their ruler - the pharaoh - and developed a form of writing known as hieroglyphics.
Indus
Post (Cold) War Innovations
Soviet-Afghan War (Dec. 1979-Feb 1989)
The Green Revolution
Huang He
multiple countries have power to trade with China and no single one has total control
- Comparable to Vietnam for the Soviets.
- The Soviets became involved in a war to the south with Afghan warriors called mujahedin, who felt that Soviet policies threatened Islam.
- The US smuggled weapons in to the mujahedin, and eventually the war proved costly to the Soviets, who withdrew years later.
- Eventually placed al Qaeda in power in many areas.
Germany invades Russia in 1941. (Didn't work out so well for the Germans - many froze to death in the Russian winter. Didn't work out so well for the Russians - over two million were killed.)
Britain held back the Germans in the Battle of Britain.
Germany surrendered in 1945. Hitler committed suicide.
Loess makes the river look yellow.
Nile River Valley
Computer: device for making calculations and storing, processing and manipulating data.
Revolution of innovation caused by the introduction of commercially improved seeds, pesticides and equipment in the 1950s.
New global culture and economy due to Internet and technology.
The standoff ended with negotiations and the hostages were retuend home.
8. Judaism, the religion of the ancient Hebrews (Jews), was the first religion to worship one God.
52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days. The students who overtook the compound were supported by Ayatollah Khomeini, a religious leader who led the revolution and eventually took power.
4. The first civilizations arose in fertile river valleys, where favorable geographic conditions allowed farmers to grow a surplus of food.
- First computers built in the 1940s, and were enormous.
- With the invention of the silicon chip, personal computers (PCs) became widely available in the 1970's
- The "Information Age" was coined after the invention of the Internet in the 1970s, which changed nearly every aspect about everything in our society.
Led to increased production of food and cheaper food, but it is also blamed for pushing local farmers out of business because prices for crops dropped too low for small farmers to make a living.
Causes for Imperialism
Motives for Imperialism
In support of an Iranian Revolution, where the country revolted against western influence under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a groupof students took over the American Embassy in the Iranian capital of Tehran.
November 4, 1979-January 20, 1981
Communist China
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Globalization
- Political: European countries competed for power and colonial empires
- Economic: European nations wanted natural resources and markets for goods
- Social: European nations wanted to spread their culture and civilize Africa and Asia.
Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013)
CHINA
- Between Iraq and the UN, led by the US
- A coalition force led by the United States liberated the country and crushed the Iraqi forces.
- Hussein, however, stayed in power until he was overthrown in the 2003 Iraq War.
Communists under Mao Zedong drove Nationalists under Chiang Kai-Shek from China to Taiwan in 1949. Communists then controlled all aspects of life; killed businessmen and wealthy farmers.
RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
New technologies made it possible
- military technology - rifles
- medicines - quinine used against malaria
- transportation - steamboats and railroads
- communication technology - telegraph and telephone made communication easier.
Nazism (National Socialism)
Influential Women
- Extreme Nationalism: belief a country should united its national leaders.
- Glorified violence and racism.
- Devotion to Party Leader: an all powerful leader as seen as embodying the true ideals of a nation.
- Saw democratic governments as feeble and weak.
- Totalitarianism: a dictator or political party controls all aspects of life.
- Peace treaty with Egypt's Anwar al-Sadat.
- Israel agreed to give back Sinai to Egypt.
In 1993, Israel agreed to a Palestinian Authority. (attempt for peace)
Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)
INDIA
Oslo Accords.
Camp David Accords (1978)
The first civilizations developed along rivers with fertile soil from periodic flooding. Here, farmers were able to grow a surplus of food, allowing for the rise of civilization.
Great Leap Forward
Environmental Effects
First Female British
Prime Minister
Longest serving
PM in the
20th century
Main characteristics of Fascism:
He wrote Mein Kampf (1925), where he stated that Germans were a superior race and Jews were the major cause of Germany' problems.
Mao's attempt to reinvigorate Communism in China was a disaster.
Red Guards (Chinese students) forced educated people to work on farms in countryside and destroyed ancient works of art.
Nazi Party seized power in 1933. It eliminated all political rivals, restricted Jews in business and education, and began a massive rebuilding of military. They pushed public projects to stimulate economy and used terror with the Gestapo (secret police). Concentration camps were built to relocate Jews.
- Five year plan that failed to industrialize China.
- Peasant lands were collectivized.
- 30-50 million dead
Food Surpluses: People began to change from hunters and gatherers to producers of food.
A political system developed in Italy, Germany, Spain and other nations following WWII.
Cultural Revolution
Fascism
Settlements: People no longer had to wander in search of food and could now establish settlements with permanent homes.
After the 1967 war, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
China's first civilization emerged in the fertile plains along the Huang He (Yellow River)
the Indus River deposited rich soil over the neighboring plains
The innovations of industrialization caused a new problem - balancing industrial expansion with effects on global environment.
Arab Israeli War (1956, 1967, 1973)
Golda Meir (1898-1978)
New Weapons and tactics: submarines, machine guns, planes, "trench warfare," poison gas, early tanks
MESOPOTAMIA
WWI
EGYPT
The End of Soviet Communism (1991)
War between the Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, and the US) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Turkey).
Mikhail Gorbachev: Introduced reforms in the Soviet Union and lifted the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe, but his reforms failed.
- Hitler became the Nazi Party leader. attacked the Weimer Republic as weak and attacked the Versailles Treaty as too harsh on Germany. (Gained people's support and gave voice/scapegoat to their problems).
Results: Versailles Treaty...Germany forced to pay reparations; Germany lost its colonies; Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey were broken up; a League of Nations was proposed.
Mother Teresa (1910-1997)
Central planning could not compete with economic freedom of the West.
Domestication of Animals: People learned to domesticate animals such as goats, sheep and cattle.
Why is this important?
http://history.howstuffworks.com/7250-china-innovation-in-ancient-china-video.htm
The Neolithic Revolution occurred in the Middle East 10,000 years ago. People saw they could obtain food by planting seeds.
Professor
Minister of Labor
First Female
Prime Minister
of Israel
- The United Nations created a Jewish state out of Palestine (1948 following WWII)
- Arabs rejected this and attacked Israel.
- Thousands of Palestinians fled their homes to neighboring Arab states.
Hitler
Palestine has been home to Jews and Muslims.
- Pollution from factories and power plants
- Deforestation - cutting down of trees without replacing them. Large issue in Africa, Latin America and Asia.
- Global warming - a phenomenon of a rise in Earth's surface temperature over time. This issue is debated by scientists even today.
Auschwitz
Israeli independence (1948)
Causes
- Nationalism
- Imperialism
- Alliance System
- Militarism