2002 FIFA World Cup

Conclusion

Introduction

2002 FIFA World Cup

• The FIFA World Cup is one of the most interesting sports events in the world, it is also an economic mystery for many analysts.
• It is the world’s most widely viewed sporting event.
• Football has always been a sport that has never failed to cause controversy of some sort.

Socio-cultural

Positive Impacts

• International Mega-event
• First (and so far the only) World Cup hosted in two countries - South Korea and Japan
• Political conflict played a major role
• 'White elephant' infrastructure
• Enormous expenditure
• Exposed Asia to the world

References

• FIFA (1994-2013) ‘Mission and Statutes’ available at http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/mission.html [Accessed on 23/10/2013].
• Gary Passarella (2010) ‘My personal weblog’ The robbery in Korea – South Korea’s controversial progress in the 2002 World Cup Finals available at http://www.garrypassarella.co.uk/2010/06/04/the-robbery-in-korea-koreas-controversial-progress-in-the-2002-world-cup-finals/ [Accessed on 23/10/2013].
• Interbrand (2013) ‘2002 KOREA JAPAN WORLD CUP’ available at http://www.interbrand.com/en/our-work/FIFA-2002-Korea-Japan-World-Cup.aspx [Accessed on 24/10/2013].

• Horne,J & Manzenreiter,W. (2002) Japan Korea and the 2002 World Cup. Routledge Ltd: London
• Alan Fyall, Richard Shipway. (2012) International Sports Events Routledge Ltd; London
• Kim, H. J., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S.-B. (2006)The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: comparisons of pre- and post-games, Tourism Management, pgs 27, 86-96.
• Patterson,Z. (2010). International Sport as a Means to Development. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. 1 (1), 5.
• Horne,J & Manzenreiter,W. (2004) Football Goes East. Routledge Ltd: London
• Hensley, M . (2006). PPP and the World Cup: Strategies to Help Emerging Markets Attract Major Events and Finance New Infrastructure Available: http://www.ip3.org/ip3_site/ppp-and-the-world-cup-strategies-to-help-emerging-markets-attract-major-events-and-finance-new-infrastructure.html#startOfPageId124. Last accessed 17th October 2013.

• Longman J. (1996). South Korea And Japan Will Share World Cup. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/01/sports/soccer-south-korea-and-japan-will-share-world-cup.html. Last accessed 22nd Oct 2013.
• Victor D. Cha. (2002). Japan - Korea Relations: The World Cup and Sports Diplomacy. Available: http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0202qjapan_korea.pdf. Last accessed 22nd Oct 2013.
• AKIKO SAKAEDANI . (2005). 2002 FIFA World Cup and Its Effects on the Reconciliation between Japan and the Republic of Korea. Japanese Journal of Political Science. Available: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=325367. Last accessed 30th Oct 2013.
• Kima, H. J., Gursoy, D. & Lee, S.-B., 2006. ScienceDirect.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517704001712 [Accessed on 26/10/2013]
• Kim, S. S. & Petrick, J. F., 2005. ScienceDirect.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517703001985 [accessed on 26/10/2013]

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• Interaction and exposure

• Culture mix and respect:

As Lee (2006) reported, there was a cultural exchange between the two nations, of Japanese consumers being interested in Korean culture and vice-versa.

• Anticipation: started showing interest in football

FIFA's Mission Statement

Develop the game, touch the world, build a better future.

(FIFA, 1994-2013)

Goal: “For the game. For the world”

• Civic pride: sense of supporting and solidarity

• Active participation:

- ‘Alliance 2002’ and ‘Spirit of Niigata’ to enthusiast the local people for the world cup.

- NCBKM movement made projects for social improvements.

• Self-development:

- This event led to better standard of living, image and opportunities.

• Changed perceptions and images of the hosts

Negative Impacts

• Pressure: many programs for locals to change

• Loss of identity: being replaced by Western culture

• Restrictions: public viewing restricted in Japan

• Culture clash and mix of attitudes and perceptions between the two hosts

• Residents complained about disorder and conflicts according to Kim , S. S., & Petrick, J. F. (2005) research

Political Effects

Environmental Effects

• Korea and Japan are known to be Traditional Enemies.

• Both Korea and Japan had separate bids to host the World Cup in 2002.

• Japan resisted FIFA’s offer to co-host.

• FIFA’s decision expressed hope for a new found relationship between the two countries.

Positive Impacts

• World Cup related facilities and infrastructure
• Eco-friendly World Cup
• Better quality of life for locals
• City beautification and construction of new hotels
• Enhancement and improvement of transportation
• Promotion prior and during the event for an environmentally aware World Cup

Reactions

• There were mixed reactions after the co-hosting decision taken by FIFA.

• “This is a victory for us and a loss for Japan, The Japanese were all along against the idea of co-hosting, but they accepted it at the last minute. We won." - Kim Ga-Young

• "This is the worst-case scenario." - Kenji Mori

• On May 31st 2002, Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi attended the World Cup’s Opening Ceremony in Seoul, South Korea.

• On June 30th 2002, South Korea’s President Kim Dae-Jung attended the World Cup Finals in Yokohama, Japan.

• The World Cup was seen as a driver to new agreements between South Korea and Japan.

• Its success was based on the fact that it was hosted in two of the World’s most advanced, globalized and open-society countries.

Negative Impacts

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• Noise
• Food waste and litter
• Destruction of the environment
• 7 new stadiums in Japan
• 10 new stadiums in Korea
• Traffic problems and congestion
• City beautification just for the World Cup

Overview

• Introduction to the 2002 FIFA World Cup
• Political Effects
• Environmental Effects
• Economic Effects
• Socio-cultural Effects
• Conclusion
• References

Negative Economic Effects

Economic Effects

• Only Insurance Industry made profit (Anon 2006)
• Decrease in tourists
• Average 42,269 attendance
• Stadiums became economic burdens on locals

Positive Effects

Stadiums

• Ended 12 years of economic

stagnation in Japan

• Private consumption and investment have increased; Horne (2004) "limited long-term economic benefits and returns on investment"
• Increase in consumption and demand of home delivery food services
• 1/3 of the jobs created were permanent

• Korea- $2 billion construction
• Japan- $4 billion construction and refurbishment
• Sapporo Dome - $4 million Shortfall annually
• Saitama $735 million tax

Horne,J & Manzenreiter,W. (2002) Japan Korea and the 2002 World Cup. Routledge: London