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A. Creating mental images
B. Applying images and sounds
C. Reviewing well
D. Employing Action
A. Practicing
B. Receiving and sending messages
C. Analyzing and reasoning
D. Creating structure for input and output
A. Asking questions
B. Cooperating with others
C. Empathizing with others
A. Lowering your anxiety
B. Encouraging yourself
C. Taking your emotional temperature
A. Centering your learning
B. Arranging and planning your learning
C. Evaluating your learning
1. Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation
2. Using music
3. Using laughter
1. Making positive statements
2. Taking risks wisely
3. Rewarding yourself
1. Listening to your body
2. Using a checklist
3. Writing a language learning diary
4. Discussing your feelings with someone else
1. Asking for clarification or verification
2. Asking for correction
1. Cooperating with peers
2. Cooperating with proficient users of the new language
1. Developing cultural understanding
2. Becoming aware of others' thoughts and feelings
1. Overviewing and linking with already known material
2. Paying attention
3. Delaying speech production to focus on listening
1. Finding out about language learning
2. Organizing
3. Setting goals and objectives
4. Identifying the purpose of a language task
5. Planning for a language task
6. Seeking practice opportunities
1. Self-monitoring
2. Self-evaluating
1. Repeating
2. Formally practicing with sounds and writing systems
3. Recognizing and using formulas and patterns
3. Recombining
4. Practicing naturalistically
1. Using linguistic cues
2. Using other clues
1. Getting the idea quickly
2. Using resources for receiving and sending messages
A. Guessing intelligently
B. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
1. Grouping
2. Associating/elaborating
3. Placing new words into a context
1. Reasoning deductively
2. Analyzing expressions
3. Analyzing contrastively (across languages)
4. Translating
5. Transferring
1. Switching to the mother tongue
2. Getting help
3. Using mime or gesture
4. Avoiding communication partially or totally
5. Selecting the topic
6. Adjusting or approximating the message
7. Coining words
8. Using a circumlocution or synonym
1. Using imagery
2. Semantic mapping
3. Using key words
4. Representing sounds in memory
1. Taking notes
2. Summarizing
3. Highlighting
1. Structured reviewing
1. Using physical response or sensation
2. Using mechanical techniques
From R. Oxford, Language Learning Strategies (1990).