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Critical Thinking
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Some important concepts to clearly define
- Argument or Disagreement?
- Premise
- Rhetoric
- Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Some of Critical Thinking's big concepts
Fallacies:
What they are and how they're used
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Non Sequitur
Slippery slope, domino effect and snowball effect
Ad Hominem
False Binary Opposition
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
- Truth vs Opinion
- Argument
- Subjective/Objective Reality
- Bias - both our own and others
Techniques to Challenge Reality Assumptions
Occam's Razor
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.
Deductive Reasoning - built on syllogism
Inductive Reasoning - built on research, the 'scientific method', Hypothesis testing
- Is the person using deliberately complex language?
- Does the argument require jargon?
Any questions?
For discussion...
"The main purpose of thinking is to abolish thinking" de Bono (1982).
What we're going to do today
- We'll discuss some key concepts in Critical Thinking
- We'll examine how these concepts can be used
- A few exercises to reinforce what we've done
Spot the fallacy!
1) The Olympics was all very well, but football is the only sport that matters.
2) They can't show that Loch Ness is empty so I reckon the monster has to exist, why else would there be all those sightings?
3) You've got all the qualifications required for this job and you've plenty of experience. Unfortunately I really don't like your name so I can't offer you the position.
4) The current high unemployment figures are as a result of increased immigration.
5) If things carry on like this, all TV programmes will one day involve dancing, cooking or glorified karaoke.
6) When teenagers have got nothing to occupy them they're going to cause trouble.
An introduction to critical thinking
Fact or Opinion or Theory?
1) Human beings evolved from primates via the process of 'natural selection'
2) 2+2=4
3) The Earth is 4000 years old
4) The Beatles are the most important band in the history of popular music
5) Barcelona is a city in Spain
6) The Pope is God's representative on Earth