- Important themes: chivalry and the romance of nomadic life, recurred in Arab poetry throughout the centuries,
- Firdawsi and Omar Khayyam, were famous for their poetry and tales of adventure.
- Firdawsi wrote the Shah Namah, which tells the history of Persia.
- Omar Khayyam wrote The Rubaiyat, which was a collection of four-line stanzas.
- Under the caliphs, physicians and pharmacists had to take a test before practicing their profession.
- Hospitals were set up by government.
- Ibn Sina was a doctor by the age of 16.
- His great work was the Canon on Medicine
THE END
- Other Muslim surgeons developed a way to treat cataracts, drawing fluid out of the lenses with a hollow needle.
BY:
Jared Hudgins, Claudia Cellucci, and Joe McNutt
Muslim Advances in Astronomy
- During the Muslim Golden Age, and mathematicians in Muslim regions made great advances in the field of astronomy.
- al-Khwarizmi was one of the greatest mathematicians.
- He pioneered the study of Algebra.
- During the 1800s, he wrote a book that was translated into Latin and became a standard math book.
- Also developed astronomical tables.
- Baghdad was established one of the greatest Muslim centers of learning.
- Libraries attracted scholars.
- Boys and girls received education, which emphasized reading and writing.
- Although Muhammad could neither read nor write, his respect for learning inspired Muslims to make a great advances in philosophy, history, mathematics, and the sciences.
- Muslim artists painted human and animal figures in nonreligious art.
- Domed mosques and high minarets dominated Muslim cities.
- This adapted from Byzantine buildings, domes, and arches.
- Inside the walls and ceilings of mosques were decorated with elaborate abstract, geometric patterns.
- Muslim artist perfected the art of calligraphy.
Arab writers also prized the art of storytelling.
- They gathered and adapted stories from Indian, Persian, Greek, Jewish, Egyptian, and Turkish sources.
- They include romances, fables, adventures, and sometimes humorous anecdotes.
Poetry and Tales of Adventure
- Long before Muhammad, the Arabs had a rich tradition of oral poetry.
- Musical verses:
- chants
- dangers of desert journeys
- joys of battle
- glories of clans
Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture
- Muslim art and literature reflected the diverse traditions of the various peoples who lived under Muslim rule, including Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Indians.
Slavery was very common in Muslim lands.
- Slaves often came from conquered lands.
- Some bought their own freedom.
- Most worked as household servants, while some were skilled artisans.
Slavery and Social Structure
- Open society (not as strict).
- Citizens enjoyed social mobility.
- Through religious, scholarly, and military achievements, someone could improve their social rank.
- Flourished*
- Preservation and extention to the land.
- Constant scarcity of water
- Abbasids improved farm output by organizing large irrigation projects.
- Drainage?
- Farmers cultivated sugar cane, cotton, herbs, and flowers. (Sold?)
- Deserts supported nomads.
- Guilds organized handicraft manufacturing in Muslim cities.
- Head of the guilds often had the authority to regulate prices, weights and measures, methods of production, and the products quality.
- Wage workers
- Muslim artisans
- Workshops also turned out fine glassware, furniture, and tapestries.
Muslims Build an International Trade Network
- Between 750 and 1350, merchants built a vast trading network across Muslim lands and beyond.
- Camel caravans, "the ships of the desert"--crossed the Sahara into West Africa.
- Extensive trade and a money economy led Muslims to pioneer new business practices.
- Partnerships, bought and sold on credit, formed banks to change currency.
- Trade spread products, technologies, knowledge and culture.
Muslim merchants introduced an Indian number system to the West, where the became Arabic numerals. Traders also carried sugar from India and papermaking from China, introducing Islam to many new regions.
Social and Economic Advances
- Muslim Civilization absorbed and blended many of their traditions.
- Under the Abbasids, Muslim Civilization absorbed traditions from many cultures.
- A flourishing new civilization arose.
- It incorporated all under Muslim rule, Jews and Christians.
- Through contacts in Spain and Sicily, Christian European scholar began the study of Muslim philosophy, art and science.
- Muslim scholars reintroduced knowledge
They reintroduced knowledge of Greco-Roman civilization to later Europeans.
Terms, People, and Places
The ability to move up
in social class.
Poet who wrote in Persian using Arabic script. His masterpiece, the Shah Namah, tells the history of Persia.
- Social Mobility
- Calligraphy
The art of beautiful handwriting
He is famous in the
muslim world as a scholar and a philosopher, is best known for The Rubaiyat.
A philosopher who is known in Europe as Averroes. He put all knowledge except the Quran to the test of reason.
- Firdawsi
- Omar Khayyam
- Ibn Rushd
- Ibn Khaldun
- al-Khwarizmi
- Muhammad al-Razi
- Ibn Sina
An Arab thinker, who set standards for the scientific study of history. Stressed economics and social structure as causes of historical events.
One of the greatest Muslim mathematicians. He pioneered the study of algebra. He also wrote a Math textbook.
One of the most original medical thinkers, and was the head physician at Baghdad's chief hospital. Wrote many books on medicine, including topics about small pox and measles.
The famous Persian physician was known in Europe as Avicenna. His great work as the Canon on Medicine, a huge encyclopedia about dignosing and treating diseases.
Muslim Civilization's Golden Age