Phillip II of Spain
- Son of Charles
- Great-grandparents were Isabelle and Ferdinand
- Seized Portugal
- Seized wealth from exploration
- Standing army
- Catholic
- Spanish Armada defeated
- El Escorial
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- Guise (catholic/north) vs. Bourbon (huguenot/south)
- Henry II = last powerful Valois king
- Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III
- Catherine de Medici (plotted to use Guises to kill Coligny)
- Gaspard de Coligny (Huguenot leader)
- Catholic League vs. Protestant Union
- Catherine de Medici supported Bourbons
- Henry of Navarre = defeated Catholic League = Henry IV
Revolt of the Netherlands
- AKA The Dutch Revolt
- Spain (catholic/poor economy) vs. Netherlands (calvinist/prosperous middle class)
- Spark = Philip II raised taxes & crushed protestantism = revolts = United Provinces of the Netherlands
Henry IV of France
- Ended Spanish interference
- Paris is worth a mass = politique
- Edict of Nantes = Calvinists granted religious rights
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
- Attempt to punish protestant England & Elizabeth I
- Spain defeated
Political
Magellan
Spain & Portugal gain Central & South America
- Portugal led way
- Spanish under Pizarro conquer Peru and under Cortes conquer Mexico
- Encomienda, Viceroyalities, mixed races (mestizo)
- Sparked by Power
- Luther spoke out against them
- Defeated by Princes
Sea Dogs
"Time of Troubles" in Russia
Economic & Social
Machiavelli, The Prince
More, Utopia
Luther, 95 Theses
- Justification by Faith Alone
- Against indulgences
Medici establish Ursuline order for education of women
Loyola & Jesuits
Pilgrimage of Grace
Calvin established theocracy in Geneva
Council of Trent
- before = Holy Office
- Pope Paul III
- Investigated indulgences, approved Jesuits, and used Inquisition
Peace of Augsburg
Knox
Anabaptists
- baptize only those who were old enough to decide to be Christian
Zwingli
Religion & Philosophy
- Italian
- Built telescope
- Starry Messenger (Jupiter 4 moons, sun dark spots, laws of motion)
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Coperincun model, trial during inquisition, recanted beliefs, house arrest)
Bacon
Harvey
Science & Technology
Castiglione, The Courtier
Shakespeare
Montaigne, Essays
Arts & Letters
The Wars of Religion
Habsburg-Valois Wars
- Austria vs. France
- Sparked over Italy
- Helped spread the Renaissance
- Catholic
- Controlled German states
- Luther's trial = Diet of Worms = Edict of Worms
- German Peasant Revolt = Peace of Augsburg
Charles V, HRE
1500
1525
1550
1575
1600
Consolidation of serfdom in eastern Europe
- Famine killed 1/3 of population
- Ended with the establishment of the Romanov family
- Middle Passage
- Triangular Trade
- Atlantic Slave Trade
- Columbian Exchange
Age of Exploration
Mercantilism
Treaty of Tordesillas
German Peasant Revolt
- 1st to circumnavigate the globe
- Favorable balance of trade
Roanoke
1500
1525
1550
- Sir Walter Raleigh
- Disappeared
1575
1600
- Predestination
- The Institutes of the Christian Religion
- Official recognition of Lutheranism
- Each prince declared the religion of his own state
B.A.D.
- Bible more authority
- Advocated church reform
- Denied pope had right to worldly power
- Propagated by Jan Hus and John Wycliffe
- Sparked by closing of monastaries
16th Century Review
Henry VIII of England breaks with Rome
- Raise $ for St. Peter's Cathedral
- Sold indulgences
- Switzerland
- religious reformer
- Act of Restraint of Appeals
- Act of Annates
- Act of Supremacy
Tetzel
1500
1525
1550
1575
1600
- Scientific Method / empiricism
Tycho Brahe
- Danish astronomer
- Data used by future scientists
Age of Exploration
Scientific Revolution In Western Europe
- caravel, astrolabe, better maps, sextant, compass
Kepler
- used Brahe's data
- planets revolve in elliptical orbits
Gutenberg
Galileo
Copernicus
1500
1525
1550
1575
1600
- On The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
- Heliocentric Theory
- Polish
Baroque
- Father of Humanism
- made fun of church
Erasmus,
The Praise of Folly
1500
1525
1550
1575
1600