RENAISSANCE FASHION AND CULTURE

The plague is now over!!!

How do you respond?

Europe is reborn!!!

Is it better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? One should wish to be both, but that isn’t possible. It is much safer to be feared than loved and this is why: in general, men are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous.

As long as you have power over people, they are yours. They will offer their property and life, but they can turn against you. The prince who, making many promises to the people, is ruined. Friendships made by payments, and not greatness of mind are not kept and they cannot be relied upon.

Men have less problems in betraying a leader who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, looking at the wickedness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage. Fear is kept by the thought of punishment, which never fails.

Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated.

Get in groups of 4-5

- On the paper write a list of qualms and grievances that your group has with our school. This can be any facet of school life.

Just no specific names please!!!!

Be school appropriate!!!

Once you are finished tape your list to the board

• The Churches interpretation of the Bible was final

- Anyone who substituted his or her own opinion is a heretic

• Christians need faith and good works for salvation

- Not saved by faith alone (Luther)

• The Bible and Church tradition are equally powerful authorities

• Indulgences are valid

- False selling is banned

The Renaissance and Reformation

The Renaissance

1300- 1600 AD

Renaissance - Rebirth

What in Europe was being "reborn"?

Education and learning

The Renaissance movement

• Begins in northern Italy and over time extends northward in the rest of Western Europe.

• Starts in Italy for a

variety of reasons:

In general after plagues and war, people wanted to celebrate and enjoy life.

Before plague -

People taught to live simple lives without ego, only care about god.

After plague -

Now people start to enjoy life more and not be ashamed of this joy

Italy experienced a growth of cities well before the rest of the continent

Questioning the Church

• First region to establish overseas trade again. Because of the Crusades.
• As a result wealth and new ideas flowed in.

Advances like crop rotation, math, and understanding of anatomy huge

• Many also began questioning the Catholic Church

-Unable to stop plague, war, and other hardships

Italy hit hardest by the plague

Plague

476 AD Fall of the Western Roman Empire

With growth of cities, wealth merchant class emerges

• Labor shortages resulted in freeing of serfs

and higher wages

• Many moved to cities

- Cities still small (ex: Florence had about 40,000 people)

• Unable to have titles or own huge tracts

of land like nobility.

Italy

Instead used money to finance new ideas, artists, and the plans of kings and the Catholic church.

Before the Renaissance:

Late Middle Ages (1200s – 1400s)

Milan

Cities like Florence and Milan became the hubs of the Renaissance movement

Florence

- Small and allowed common citizens to participate in

government.

- Merchants only gained power and

influence through merit and thus liked to show off

– share achievements with other citizens.

War

100 Years War (England v. France)

Crusades (Religious wars)

Famine – bad weather wiped out crops

Plague – often killed >50% of cities

Rely on religion for answers

Feudalism

Merchant class are the ones in control of these cities.

- NOT KINGS OR EMPERORS

Urban Life was becoming modern

Breeding ground for the Renaissance

- This time period gave humans significance/attitude

What's the difference between the Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance?

Italian Renaissance Northern Renaissance

1. The Northern Renaissance is considered more

Christian than the Italian Renaissance

2. Italian Renaissance focused on individualism.

The Northern Renaissance focused on social

reform (positive changes in society)

Christian Humanism

Ideas of Humanism plus teachings of Jesus

(Desiderius) Erasmus

- Reform the Church from within

• Looks at the Bible (Primary Document) and compared it to the church practices of the day (inaccurate)

(Thomas) More

- Described an improved society

- Wrote a book called Utopia, 1516

Northern Renaissance

Eventually the Renaissance will head north during the mid 1400's.

City States-

• Foundation of the renaissance
• Cities competed with one another

- Kept building and spending money

Feudalism

Foundation of the renaissance is the city

• Architecture
• Art
• Engineering
• Literature

System of giving land to people in exchange for military service, money

Knights and serfs

LORDS

Hi-diddly-ho neighbor!!!

I'm named after the geographic location where the Northern Renaissance occurred!!!

Florence- City State

Medici (Ruling class)

• Money to spend (enjoy life)

So powerful that there was an attempt to assassinate two brothers

Flanders

- Center of the Northern Renaissance

Located now in the countries of...

• France
• Belgium
• Netherlands

Also caught on in...

• Germany
• France
• England

Have a positively-doodly great day now!!!

Lorenzo Giuliano

SERFS

Giuliano killed

Lorenzo survived

- Fought them off with his sword and survived

Hundreds Years War ends in 1453

ENGLAND VS FRANCE

- Cities grow for the same reasons as Italy

Patrons

-Monarchs sponsored art

Henry VIII 1509 - 1547

Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603

The Medici-

• Ran banks and businesses
• Very Wealthy

- Wealth bought power

- Power bought art and architecture

• Eventually they will run cities (Florence)

Feudalism – The Manor

Renaissance Men

The Medici- continued...

• Very ambitious
• Transform Florence (Patrons of the arts)
• Use artists and Architects to celebrate themselves
• Artists could now support themselves through work

- Artists specialize and quality improves

Emigration from Italy

- Italian artists, etc. traveled north to spread ideas

and make money

- N. European artists brought ideas home after

learning in Italy

Talented in many disciplines

- Still use term today:

(Someone who is good at everything)

Elizabethan England

Elizabeth I

– 1558-1603

Ok! Now that I learned how to make art I better go home and share.

How are Ideas spread?

Shakespeare 1564 - 1616

Playwright (possibly best of all time)

• Plays described a deep understanding of what it meant to be human.

Success was because towns were getting larger and people had excess income (good economy)

- buying a ticket was possible

Think of someone living today that you would consider a Renaissance man

Printing Press

• Invented by Johann Gutenberg
• Spread ideas faster, accurately
• Increased literacy and learning

The Legacy of the Renaissance

• Rise of literacy

- Books cheaper

• People question established order
• Published ideas lead to further discoveries and advancement

- Snowball effect

• The individual gains importance again
• Resurrection of Greek and Roman thought and style
• Secularism

Architecture- Santa Maria Del Fiore

Architecture and art - new techniques

Humanism

- Interest in the ancient world (Greece and Rome)

- Stressed individualism, human achievement, history

- Relics of Rome surrounded them

- Could potentially recreate with a modern spin

The Reformation

What is a Reformation?

What caused the Reformation?

Causes of the Reformation

• Renaissance emphasis on secularism and individualism

- completely clashed with Church ideas

• Printing press

- Allowed ideas to spread without church censorship

• Many rulers and merchants resented church authority over them, specifically relating to taxes.

- People required to give to charity (10% of income).

Secularism-

• Previously most art was religious
• During the renaissance art began to be more worldly

- Luxury anyone could enjoy

• People no longer allowed

religion to control them in

day to day life

Not atheism - STILL VERY RELIGIOUS

Santa Maria Del Fiori- The Cathedral of Florence

1200's- built by Arnolfo di Cambrio

- Died before completion

- Sat incomplete for 100 years- no dome

1400's- finished by Filippo Brunelleschi

- Art of design = Architecture

- Studied Roman Architecture (Panthion)

Causes of the Reformation continued...

• Church leaders increasingly corrupt

- Alexander VI and the other popes best examples.

• Fathered numerous children, spent lavishly on selves, and often merciless killers.
• Even local priests often break vows regularly.

• Previous reformers had been crushed by church

1300-1400 questioned authority of popes, put on trial and burned at the stake as a heretics or excommunicated

Realism-

• Art depicted how people really looked and lived

(not just ideal living)

• Possible due to a better understanding of

math and anatomy

• Perspective- Big improvement for both art and architecture

- Ability to make scenes appear in 3-D

- Possible with use of geometry, angles,

and shading

Brunelleschi- Building the dome (16 years)

Problem:

- How to get materials over 200ft in the air

- Swivel material into place

- keeping the dome from caving in

Martin Luther

(lived 1483-1546)

Born to middle class family in northern Germany.

Was a monk, and taught theology as a fully ordained priest at the University of Wittenberg

Literature-

• Expressed new ideas- Written in Vernacular

Vernacular- local languages

- All books previously were written in Latin

- Only Clergy could read

- Knowledge was now available to the masses

Ox Hoist

Costello

Perspective-

Brunelleschi created blue prints

- 3 dimensions

- Changed both architecture and art

Johann Tetzel

Sent by Pope to Germany to sell indulgences to raise money for the building of St Peters Cathedral in Rome.

Indulgence

- a pardon for sins that you could buy, thus erasing the bad things you had previously done.

Herring bone

Leonardo da Vinci

1452-1519

After the plague

A true Renaissance man

Master of...

• Biology
• Sculpture
• Linguistics
• Music
• Architecture
• Painting
• Botany
• Inventing

scenario – you are a peasant, in late 14th Cen

• Your family has died due to the plague

• Half of your friends have passed away as well

• The churches answer to why this plague occurred is "because everyone is a sinner and this is Gods punishment"

Martin Luther's response

Wrote his 95 Theses

- Literally a list of complaints he had with the Catholic Church (specifically with indulgences)

Nailed list to the door of Wittenberg Cathedral for everyone to see.

- Printing press, document was soon copied and spread all over Europe starting the Reformation

Leonardo da Vinci continued...

• Often dissected cadavers which was illegal
• Reflected in realism of work

Martin Luther (after the writing of the 95 thesis)

- Viewed himself as a reformer,

not someone who would start a

new religion. Realized later the

only way to institute his ideas

was to separate from the

Catholic Church.

He and his followers became known as Lutherans.

Donatello

1386 - 1466

Leonadro daVinci Continued...

Famous paintings

The Last Supper- Religious themed but

incorporated realism

At first Catholic Church viewed Luther just as a minor problem

- Eventually saw him as a serious threat to their control.

- Told him to recant his statements which he refused.

- Luther excommunicated and branded an outlaw

– that no one in Europe was to give him shelter

Celebrate Life

• Realism
• Perspective
• Humanism

- Shows personalities

Martin Luther excommunicated

Sculpture-

• German princes join him as Protestants

- Questioning of Catholic Church spreads throughout much of western Europe

• Nonstop fighting in Germany between Catholics and Protestants does not halt until a famous agreement in 1555

Mona Lisa-

David- first male nude, since antiquity

What do

you see?

Council of Trent continued...

Luther’s 95 theses

- Indirectly sets off revolts, revolutions, and numerous

extremely bloody wars of religion.

- Causes others to separate from church as well and

completely breaks catholic church’s monopoly of power

in western Europe.

• Ordered Inquisition to prosecute people going

against church.

- Burned as heretics

• Used art as propaganda

- Honoring art = Honor God

Notebooks-

• Coded
• Read R to L with a mirror
• Scientific illustration

- Used science to support art

Michelangelo

1475-1564

Peace of Augsburg

• Painter
• Sculpture

Raphael - 1483-1520

This agreement allowed each German ruler to determine religion of followers.

• Agreed upon with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

- Northern Germany Lutheran

- Southern Germany Catholic.

Europe's transition

Designed St. Peters Dome

Persecution of the Jews

Leonardo di Vinci's - Legacy

End result of Reformation:

• Catholic Church forced to clean up own act

• Period of religious conflict

• Secular rulers gain more power

– modern day powerful states like France, England emerge

• Sets stage for period known as enlightenment

• Only 17 paintings
• Notebooks
• Drawings of unfinished works
• Diverted rivers to prevent flooding
• Principles of turbine
• Cartography
• Submarine
• Flying machine
• Parachute

…And much more….

Council of Trent

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII

No.

King of England

Wife

Mary (Henry's daughter- Bloody Mary)

- Takes over and tries to convert population back to

Catholicism from 1553-58.

- Resulted in mass violence!!!

I want a

divorce!!!

Blamed to be the cause of the plague

Cleaner and lived in separate communities

=

Effect of the plague-

Pope Clement VII

Henry's wives

Henry continues to divorce more wives after only getting one son.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor

England Henry VIII - strong Catholic King

- Demands a divorce from his wife who

was unable to produce a male heir

Pope refused, afraid of angering Holy Roman Emperor

- Charles V (wife's nephew)

Henry VII has Parliament pass a law separating England from Catholic Church and starts a new church with monarch as its head

• All church property seized and bishops chosen by Henry

o Pope Paul III called Council of Trent

o Clarified Catholic rules and cleaning up some of the corruption

and problems.

Reaffirmed doctrine- good works, indulgences, Eucharist, Priesthood

• Religious extremism

• Persecution of the Jews

• Lack of manpower

(Catholic) Counter Reformation

The Sistine Chapel

Anabaptists

Wife's nephew

1. Catherine of Aragon

- annulled; died while detained under guard

2. Anne Boleyn

- annulled and later executed

3. Jane Seymour

- died days after giving birth

4. Anne of Cleves

- annulled

5. Catherine Howard

- annulled and later executed

6. Catherine Parr

- widowed

EXTREME!!!

I made it!!!

Painter-

The School of Athens

- Classic focus

- Perspective

Machiavelli 1479- 1527

- Became major group in Europe

- Not right to baptize children

• Do not know what they are agreeing to

- Baptized as adults

- Refused to fight in wars and lived communally

o Amish, Quakers, and Baptists grow out of this movement

o Persecuted by Catholics and Protestants both

Revolts against Catholics and mass conversions (major loss)

Catholic church launches own movement to convert people back.

• Founded the Jesuits

- Goal to convert people back through education and missionary work.

- Dedicated to stopping spread of Protestantism

John Calvin

Religious extremism

• Some believed the church had not done enough or they were on the wrong path.

• Belief was the plague was sent by god to punish people for their sins.

Lack of manpower

David

Switzerland

By 1560s religious landscape firmly established, religious conflict will remain huge problem for much of 1600’s.

Machiavelli

An established...

• Historian
• Politician
• Diplomat
• Philosopher
• Humanist
• Writer

- Published book about his beliefs in 1536.

• Agrees with Martin Luther's ideas
• Adds predestination

– Idea that god already has chosen who

will go to heaven

- known as Calvinism

- 50% or more of the population die from the plague

- Led to lords having to compete for peasants

Elizabeth (Henry's other Daughter)

- Takes power, creates Anglican Church as middle ground

between Catholics and Protestants.

- Requires everyone in England to join new religion.

Wrote a book called

The Prince - 1513

- Summary

• an extended analysis of how to

acquire and maintain political

power.

• It has an opening dedication to

Lorenzo de Medici

More money to be made and better conditions

John Knox

- Scottish Catholic Priest

- Became a Church of England follower

- Takes Calvinism back to Scotland.

• Local control for congregation
• Known as Presbyterian Church.