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Figurative speech

  • "...each one of us is intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld. Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change. We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when the green and the flower bloom."

Tricolon and polysyndeton

  • "for justice, for peace, for humanity"
  • "Never, never, and never again shall it be..."
  • "for national reconciliation, for national building, for the birth of a new world."

Polysyndeton - tricolon

Robert Kennedy on Martin Luther King's death

We can move in that direction as a country, in greater polarization -- black people amongst blacks, and white amongst whites, filled with hatred toward one another. Or we can make an effort, as Martin Luther King did, to understand, and to comprehend, and replace that violence , that stain of bloodshed that has spread across our land, with an effort to understand, compassion, and love.

Rhetoric figures

Anaphoras

So I ask you tonight to return home, to say a prayer for the family of Martin Luther King -- yeah, it's true -- but more importantly to say a prayer for our own country, which all of us love -- a prayer for understanding and that compassion of which I spoke.

George W. Bush

9/11 Address to the Nation

But the vast majority of white people and the vast majority of black people in this country want to live together, want to improve the quality of our life, and want justice for all human beings that abide in our land .

"Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts."

Rhetorical figures

And let's dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years ago: to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the life of this world. Let us dedicate ourselves to that, and say a prayer for our country and for our people.

Parallelisms

Nelson Mandela's Inaugural address

May 10th, 1994

In this difficult day, in this difficult time for the United States, it's perhaps well to ask what kind of a nation we are and what direction we want to move in .

We have to make an effort to understand, to get beyond, or go beyond these rather difficult times.

Rhetorical devices in political speeches

Obama's inagurural speech 2013

Pathos

Allusion

Allusion is an indirect reference to a historical or literary figure, object or event.

"Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge -- huge structures collapsing have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger.'

"A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve."

Varied sentence length

The sentences can be shortened or elongated in order to emphasize something, stress contrast, or grasp attention.

Examples of Rhetorical Devices in Bush's Speech

Allusions in Obama's inaugural speech

Logos

Ethos

"Immediately following the first attack, I implemented "

Obama's speech:

"We have always understood that when times change, so must we; that fidelity to our founding principles requires new responses to new challenges; that preserving our individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action.

Lincoln, annual message, 1862:

As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew. We must disenthral ourselves, and then we shall save our country.

Modes of persuasion - logos, pathos, ethos (as used by Bush)

"Immediately following the first attack, I implemented our government's emergency response plans. Our military is powerful, and it's prepared. Our emergency teams are working in New York City and Washington D.C. to help with local rescue efforts."

"I have directed the full resources of our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and to bring them to justice."

"I have directed (...)"

Allusions in Obama's inaugural speech

Varied sentence length in Obama's inaugural speech 2013

Obama's speech:

"Through blood drawn by lash and blood drawn by sword, we learned that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive half-slave and half-free."

Lincoln, second Inaugural Address, 1865:

"Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man’s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said f[our] three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, “the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether.”"

"They gave to us a republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed.

And for more than two hundred years, we have."

"This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience. A decade of war is now ending. An economic recovery has begun."

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