APA Citation Guide

When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis:

Helena, Siegal, and Losey, (1999)….

(Helena, Siegal, & Losey, 1999)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses:

(Helena et al., 1999)

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IN-TEXT CITATIONS--WORKS WITH 6 AND MORE AUTHORS

IN-TEXT CITATIONS--SAME LAST NAME/THE SAME AUTHOR

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QUOTATIONS

IN-TEXT CITATIONS--WORK WITH 3 TO 5 AUTHORS

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When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names: (B. Kacher, 2008; Y. Kacher, 2010)

When citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of publication to order the references:

Skipper's (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants…

On the other hand, Skipper (1998 b) contends that he…

When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by

“et al.”:

Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….

(Smith et al., 2006)

IN-TEXT CITATIONS--TWO OR MORE WORKS

Interpreting these results, Peter et al. (2003) suggested that “anyone who can jump over the moon is truly a special person” (p. 97) thereby making them a minority.

Sasu and Joanes (2007) went so far as to imply the need for a new “blood pressure cuff in the lab” (para. 4).

Walking in another person’s shoes “can be a daunting task” to say the least” (Baker & Jay, 2009, p. 234).

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SHORT QUOTATIONS

When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis:

Helena, Siegal, and Losey, (1999)….

(Helena, Siegal, & Losey, 1999)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses:

(Helena et al., 1999)

When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon

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He stated, “the placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Symith, 2009, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

Sam (2009) found the following:

LONG QUOTATIONS

IN-TEXT CITATIONS--WORKS WITH TWO AUTHORS

(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)

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The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of researchers were clearly premature in attributing the results to aplacebo effect. (p. 276).

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When citing a work with two authors, use “and”

in between authors’ name in the signal phrase

yet “&” between their names in parenthesis:

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate

(1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's

responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).

Some feminists researchers question that “women's

responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt &

Tate, 1997, p. 2).

REFERENCES

CITATIONS—WITHIN TEXT

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Helter (2009) compared reaction times . . .

In a recent study of reaction times (Jack, 2009) new information . . . .

In 2009, Brown compared reaction times.

All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper

(and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section).

The Reference section begins on a new page. 

(Brad et al., 2009)

(Jean et al., 2009)

(Brad, Ram, Sot, & Jack, 2009)

(Wast et al., 2008

(Jean, Brad, Ram, Sot, & Jack, 2009)

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Brad et al. 2008

(NIH, 2003)

Brad et al. 2009

Wast et al. (2008)

Brad, Ram, and Sot, 2008

Jean et al. (2009)

National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2003)

E-Mail, newsgroups, online forums, discussion groups, and electronic mailing lists.

Personal communications, which are not archived, should not be included in reference lists.

They are cited within the text only: Smith, Fred ("personal communication," January 21, 2010)

Brad, Ram, Sot, and Jack (2009)

Wast et al. (2008)

Three authors

Jean, Brad, Ram, Sot, and Jack (2009)

Four authors

NIH, 2003

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Wast et al. (2008)

Five authors

Six authors

National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2003)

Readily identified abbreviation

Within the Text

BOOK—MULTIPLE AUTHORS

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Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schachter, S.(2009).

When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L.,

Loehhead, M., Craig, K., Peterson, R., et al. (2009).

Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

For works with three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by et al.

When a work has no authors

Cite in text the first few words of what appears first for the entry on the list (usually the title) and the year.

Specific parts of a source

(Yount & Molitor, 2009, p. 19)

(Cooper, 2009, chap. 4)

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Within the Text

CITATION-EDITED COLLECTION

Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.(2008).

Early language development. New York: McGraw-Hill

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One author

Issac (2009) indicated in his research…

In a recent study, research indicates (Isaac, 2009)…

Two or more authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs.

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NUMBERS Cont'd

Book-Specific Edition

Brockett, O. (2009). History of the theatre (5th ed.).

Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

More Than Seven

Mole, F. H., Chew, M. J., Bam, L. L., Haland, A. A., Teamos,

J. A., Roberts, S. T., . . . Blueberry, L. H. (2010). Jumping through hoops as often as necessary. Teaching Technical Communication 59(12), 12-18.

Plurals of Numbers

Add s or es

Fours

Sixes

1950s

10s and 20s

2000s

Use Roman number as a part of established terminology

Type II error

Type I error

Use Arabic numbers

Step 1

Type 2 diabetes

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Citing articles in monthly periodicals

NUMBERS

Citing articles in weekly periodicals

Chandler-Crisp, S. (2008, May) "Aerobic writing: A

writing practice model. Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

Newspaper articles

Use figures for numbers 10 and above (12 of the subjects); for numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison (2 of 16 responses); for numbers representing time, dates, and age (3 years ago, 2 hr 15 min); for numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table (Table 3, Group 3, page 32).

Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements (eight items, nine pages)

For numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (Forty-eight percent responded; Ten subjects improved, and 4 subjects did not.).

Kauffman, S. (2008, October 18). On films: Class consciousness.

The New Republic, p. 30.

Monson, M. (2008, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project

The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. A1, A8.

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Journal Articles, One Author

COMMAS

Journal Article, Two Authors

Simon, A. (2009). Perceptual comparisons through the

mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 23, 635-647.

Use commas before "and" in lists, for example, height, width, and depth.

Use commas between groups of three digits, for example, 1,453.

Use commas to set off a reference in a parenthetical comment (Patrick, 2009).

Use commas for seriation within a paragraph or sentence. For example, "three choices are (a) true, (b) false, and (c) don't know." Use semicolons for seriation if there are commas within the items. For example, (a) here, in the middle of the item, there are commas; (b) here there are not; (c) so we use semicolons throughout.

Use commas in exact dates, for example, April 18, 2002

(but not in April 2002).

Journal Article, Two Authors Becker, M. Rozek,S.

(2009). Welcome to the energy crisis.

Journal of Social Issues, 32, 230-343.

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Journal Article, Six Authors or More

USE OF ITALICS

Titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, TV shows, and microfilm publications

The Element of Style

American Journal of Nursing

Nursing Research

CSI Miami

Gone with the Wind

Reference in the text

. . . the nutritional value of figs is greatly enhanced by combining them with the others (Cates et al., 2009).

Reference on Reference Page---(New)

Cates, A. R., Harris, D. L., Boswell, W., Jameson, W. L., Yee, C., Ball, W., . . . Peters, A. V. (2009). Figs and dates and their benefits. Food Studies Quarterly, 11, 482-489.

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Dissertations

ABBREVIATIONS

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Dissertation--from Dissertation Abstracts International

(DAI) Bower, D. L. (2007). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals: Characteristics of referring and non-referring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)

Use sparingly

Explain abbreviations that appear in text, tables, and figures the first time used

To form the plural of most abbreviations, add s alone and without an apostrophe

Eds vols IQS

y:

Ross, D. F. (2008). Unconscious transference and mistaken

identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.

TABLES & FIGURES

DISSERTATION FROM DATABASE

6

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Willemsen-Dunlop, A. M. (2004). Assessing the

competence of nurses trained to manage patients receiving procedural sedation and analgesia: A new application for generalizability theory.

(Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health.

(AAT 3129358).

Brown, A. A. (2008). Title of the doctoral dissertation

or master’s thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC.

In a manuscript submitted for publication, figures, tables, and footnotes are placed at the end of the manuscript.

In theses and dissertations, such material is frequently incorporated at the appropriate point in text as a convenience to readers (APA, 2009, p.133).

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FILM OR VIDEO

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LEVEL HEADINGS

Weir, P. B. (Producer), & Harrison, B. F.

(Director). (2002). Levels of consciousness [Motion picture]. Boston, MA: Filmways.

• Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
• Flush Left, Boldface, Upper and Lowercase Heading
• Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period
• Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.
• Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Citing interviews Archer, N. (2003).

[Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and [Perception]. Journal of Sensory Studies, 21, 211-216.

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4

CONTINUOUS, NON-CONTINUOUS PAGES

Instructions for Inserting a Running Head

On your word document--Insert two blank pages

At the top of page 2 Click on Insert page number

Passons, W. (2007). Predictive validities of the ACT, SAT, and high school grades for first semester PA and freshman courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 1143-1144.

Sawyer, J. (2006). Measurement and prediction,

clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66(3), 78-200.

Click on Top of page

Select number in the top right hand margin

Type next to the 2—YOUR ACTUAL RUNNING HEAD IN ALL CAPS

(The running head should be fewer than 50 characters from the title of your article)

Insert enough spaces until the first word lines up with the left margin

Go to page 1—Still in the header section

From the tool bar-- Check the box—Different on First Page

Click on insert page number again

Select number in the top right hand margin

Type—Running head: YOUR ACTUAL RUNNING HEAD IN ALL CAPS

Insert enough spaces until the word “running” lines up with the left margin

If these instructions worked—you should see the following:

On the title page: Running head: YOUR ACTUAL RUNNING HEAD IN ALLCAPS with a 1 in the right margin

On subsequent pages—YOUR ACTUAL RUNNING HEAD IN ALL CAPS with the new page numbers in the right margin.

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GENERAL GUIDELINES

POSTER PRESENTATION

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 Samson, A. A. (2009, July). Title of the

paper or fantastic poster that was presented. Paper or poster session presented at the meeting of the Organization Name, Location.

General Document Guidelines  

Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)         

Font Size and Type : 12-pt. font (Times New Roman or similar font)         

Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper.       

Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)         

Paragraph Indentation : 5-7 spaces   

Period: two spaces after a period

Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right

edge of the paper on the first line of every page, beginning with

the title page. 

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Sample Reference Page

DEFINITION

References

APA style is the style of writing used by journals published by the American Psychological Association (APA).

The style is documented in the APA Publication Manual (6th ed.{revised}, 2011).

Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing

research: Building an evidence-based practice. (4th ed.). St. Louis: Saunders.

Carpenter, B. D. (2002). Family, peer, and staff social support in nursing home patients:

Contributions to psychological well-being. Journal of Applied Gerontology

2, 275–293.

Dragger, J., Elder, G. E., Hyper, H. A., Bonders, M, Natter, M. W. & Natures, G. K. (2009).

The impact of social support and sense of coherence on health-related quality of

life among nursing home residents: A questionnaire survey in Bergen, Norway.

International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(1), 65-75.

Sample Reference Page Cont’d

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1

APA

FORMAT

Quinn, D., Levine, S. V., Chambers, C., Wolfe, L., Chapman, H., Caravan. J. D., …

Jackson, J. J. (2008). Addressing concerns of pregnant and lactating women

after the 2005 hurricanes. MCN, the American Journal of Maternal Child

Nursing, 33(4), 235.

Rau, G., Blair, K. S., Berger, L., & Knopf, L. (2008). Processing of differentially valued

rewards and punishments in youths with bipolar disorder or severe mood

dysregulation. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18(2), 185.

Siegel, J. H., & Parker, L. M. (2008). A collaborative approach to nutritional

counseling of the overweight child. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing,

13(3), 226-229.

Note: all examples of citations in this presentation are fictitious

APA CITATION EXAMPLES

APA WEBSITES

APA Tutorial—

http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm

Purdue University—

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/