España
From 1450-1600
Geography
Christopher Columbus
"I should not proceed by land to the East, as is customary, but by a Westerly route, in which direction we have hitherto no certain evidence that any one has gone."
"I left the city of Granada, on Saturday, the twelfth day of May, 1492, and proceeded to Palos, a seaport, where I armed three vessels, very fit for such an enterprise, and having provided myself with abundance of stores and seamen, I set sail from the port, on Friday, the third of August, half an hour before sunrise."
{Sunday, October 7} "At sunrise the caravel Nina, who kept ahead on account of her swiftness in sailing, while all the vessels were striving to outsail one another, and gain the reward promised by the King and Queen by first discovering land--hoisted a flag at her mast head, and fired a lombarda, as a signal that she had discovered land."
{Thursday, October 11}"Numbers of the people of the island straightway collected together."
{Sunday, October 14} "'Come and see the men who have come from heavens!'" "I could conquer the whole of them with fifty men, and govern them as I pleased," "I returned to the ship, and setting sail, discovered such a number of islands that I knew not which first to visit."
Allies of Spain
The Pope
During this time Spain was strictly Catholic
The Pope started wars and signed treaties
The Pope was the most powerful leader in Europe
The Pope was allied with Catholic Spain and had great influence over the country
In 1588 the Pope convinced Spain to attack Protestant England
The is an image of the armada.
Spanish King Philip II sent the Spanish armada to destroy the English forces
Portugal and Spain combined their forces to attack the English.
The battle was disastrous for Spain
Iberian Union
This was a governing force for the countries in the Iberian peninsula that were south of the Pyrenees
This is an image of the Iberian Peninsula
This union lasted from 1580–1640
The countries involved were the Spanish and the Portuguese crowns.
This is an image of Spain historical influence.
Art De L'Espagne
In the 1400's, Spain was split into five kingdoms
Muslims still have influence from the 711 when they first conquered over and developed in Spain
The Muslim popular influence mixed with Gothic styles in the 1500's
Gothic styles are merged and eventually displaced by the Italian Renaissance style in the 16th century.
The Spanish Renaissance comes out of this and flourishes beginning in 1492.
Spanish Renaissance
Movement in Spain that came from the intertwining of Italian Renaissance Styles in Spain.
The Spanish Renaissance was characterized by art, science, and literature based on Classic Antiquity
- includes gaining full influence over the country against Muslims-Reconquista
- Discovery of the Americas
- first publication of a vernacular Euro language
Many Spanish artists including Fernando Yanez and Fernando de lo Llanos traveled to Florence to observe art happenings that were erupted in the Italian Renaissance
Important Artists include:
Fernando Gallego
Alonso Berruguete
Luis De Morales
El Greco
Fernando Gallego
Painter brought up in the Gothic Style
His art was regarded as Hispano-Flemish Style
- a naturalist style achieved through the adaptation of oil paint combined with intense religious effect found in Spanish Art.
"Christ Giving His Blessing"
Alonso Berruguete
Spanish painter and sculptor
Considered the most influential sculptor of the Spanish Renaissance
Began to focus on sculpting after being appointed by Charles V of Spain.
El Greco
Painter, Sculptor, Architect from Spanish Renaissance
Dramatic expressionist tendencies were disliked by the fellow artists of the time and his work was not deservingly appreciated until the 20th century
Earlier influence for Expressionism and Cubism
- seen again in the Avante-Garde movement of the 20th century
Rulers of Spain
1469 the Christian kingdoms Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of Isabella I and Ferdinand II.
1470 Isabella's half-brother, Enrique IV, names Juana la Beltraneja, as the heir to his throne instead of Isabella.
Enrique died and Isabella took the throne.
Alfonso V became involved because of his marriage to Juana
He was defeated in 1476 at Toro.
In 1476 Isabella became the true Queen of Castile.
This is the same year that her husand gained the throne of Aragon.
Together, they were known as "Catholic Monarchs"
1492
The Emirate of Granada was captured.
Christopher Columbus's famous excursion was funded.
1478
Isabella and Ferdinand established the Spanish Inquisition of Jews and then Muslims, and finally it applied to every citizen.
1483, Tomás de Torquemada is appointed to the post of inquisitor-general.
There is debate over the successor to the Castilian throne after Isabella's death.
Juana is made Queen of Castile while Ferdinand is made the regent.
Juana's oldest son, Charles, soon to be Emperor Charles V, takes Ferdinand's position.
In 1558, Charles V resigns from both his position as Holy Roman Emperor and King of Aragon.
Architecture
Gothic structure
Copied a lot from the Italian artists of the time for the buildings.
Christian symbolism is HUGE
Santiago de Compostela
Baroque style facades, barrel vaulted cross, golden mollusk shell(pilgrimagers kissed it), archivolts, tympana, and shafts of three doorways
Big sculptures around cathedrals
Reconnection with concepts of classical Roman and Greek antiquity
Simplicity
Order and Symmetry
"Purity" in the architecture
Modestly but elegantly decorated
Battles and Peace Treaties
Reconquista is a Spanish word for reconquest.
It was a period of about 700 years, 539 in Portugal
Several Christian Kingdom's in the Iberian Peninsula were successfully retaken from Muslim Moors.
Nasrid Dynasty were the last ruling moors in the Kingdom of Granada and were over thrown in 1492.
Brought the Peninsula totally under Christian rule, ending the Reconquista.
Battle of Granada was fought over months
Ended Jan 2 1492
In Spain Granada is still celebrated annually
The Spanish armada were defeated by British forces.
The ships of Spain retreated and encountered foul weather.
After this Britain became the major world power
The treaty of Granada was signed in November 1491
Granted rights to the Moors for their religious practices in return for the surrender of Granada
Between Ferdinand and Isabella and Muhammad XII
Works Cited
Monastery of el escorial. (2005). Retrieved fromhttp://www.feelmadrid.com/elescorial.html
Spanish culture. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.jiffyspanish.com/culture/c2.php
Renaissance architecture in valencia, spain. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.whatvalencia.com/renaissance-architecture.html
http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=08®http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.htmlion=eusi#/Key-Events
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/columbus1.html
Alonso Berrugeute. Wikipedia. Retrieved October 27, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Berrugue
Art Cyclopedia. Art cyclopedia. Retrieved October 27, 2010, from http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/gallego_fernando.html
El Greco. El prado museum. Retrieved October 27, 2010, from http://www.spanisharts.com/prado/greco.htm
Fernando Gallego. Wikipedia. Retrieved October 27, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Gallego
Hispano-Flemingo Style. enotes. Retrieved October 27, 2010, from http://wwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armadaw.enotes.com/oxford-art-encyclopedia/hispano-flemish-style
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Union
http://cache4.asset-cache.net/xc/51243633.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=45B0EB3381F7834D5FD8B3AE26860A51CB7C1BCD13A9E0D6CA49524C311DF17F
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg/800px-The_Four_Voyages_of_Columbus_1492-1503_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_18571.jpg
http://www.fineartprintsondemand.com/artists/delacroix/christopher_columbus-400.jpg
SPAIN!
Jimmy Knell
Claire Zurkowski
Brianna Glase
Jordan Martin
Julie Kraus
Hunter Kothenbeutel
During the period of the Renaissance, the Pope had great control over Catholic countries