Embodied Ontologies

Can anatomists make their own anatomical models for research, clinical applications and education?

Where and How can a virtual anatomical model

be 3D printed?

There are many commercial 3D

printers available, such as:

Are the BodyParts3D ready for

immediate 3Dprinting?

1. i.Materialise

2. Shapeways

3. Sculpteo

4. 3D Hubs

Why 3D printing?

Because it is a relatively cheap, accurate, clean, efficient way to produce anatomically accurate models with a quick turnaround time.

4. Now, anyone can

make an anatomical

model based on DICOM

data and/or freely

available open source

datasets available online.

3. Open source data brings

anatomical knowledge into

the public domain

VOXEL-man 3D

visualisation of

the Visible Human

Dataset

3D Hubs

VOXEL MODEL

VOlume + piXEL

http://www.ngrain.com/why-voxels-are-the-next-big-thing-in-graphics/

Cryosectioning

a cadaver.

MeshLab

Freely available software

for volume rendering! A tip from

Craig Bonsignore's blog.

This group of structures was

downloaded from

BodyParts3D and

converted to STL,

uploaded to 3D Hubs

IMAGE

PROCESSING

AVENUES

BodyParts3D

1. DICOM-dedicated image processing software such as OsiriX and MIMICS

3D Anatomy Atlases

2. 3D Anatomy Atlases

BodyParts3D is a dictionary-type

database for anatomy in which

anatomical concepts are represented

by 3D structure data that specify

corresponding segments of a 3D

whole-body model for an adult

human male.

Visible Human Project

FMA

Chinese Visible Human

HDRK-Man

Image courtesy of University of Monash Centre for Human Anatomy Education

BodyParts3D

How can these voxel models

be accessed for educational

purposes?

BodyParts3D is a dictionary-type database for anatomy in which anatomical concepts are represented by 3D structure data that specify corresponding segments mapped to the FMA of a 3D whole-body model for an adult human male.

TARO Man

Datasets

The resulting DICOM data can be processed in a number of ways

DICOM

OPEN SOURCE!

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is a standard for handling, storing, printing, and transmitting information in medical imaging.

CT scan

Anatomical Informatics

Cross sectional

images form

the basis of 3D

datasets of human

anatomy

MRI

"...computational anatomy is a developing field focusing on data-driven mathematical models of bodily structures. Mastering such computer sciences and informatics methods is crucial for new anatomists, who will shape the future in research, clinical knowledge, and teaching."

Robert B. Trelease, The Anatomical Record (2002)

CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA

Images courtesy NLM website

How is a theoretical

model used to make a

realistic, accurate

3D model?

The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA)

Ontology is the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.

Informatics

Parmenides was among the

first to propose an ontological

characterization of the

fundamental nature of

existence.

The study of information, using "ontologies".

-Rosse, Cornelius and Mejino, Jose L V

http://sig.biostr.washington.edu/projects/fm/AboutFM.html

I downloaded this group of structures

downloaded from

BodyParts3D and

converted to STL,

uploaded to 3D Hubs

Often called the

Father of Anatomy,

ONTOLOGY

"A specification of a representational vocabulary for a shared domain of discourse — definitions of classes, relations, functions, and other objects— is called an ontology. "

-Thomas Gruber

2. Anatomical informatics is concerned with theoretical models, which can be used

as a basis for making 3D anatomical models

Conclusions

Selected References

5. 3D printing is replacing

plastination as the

sensible alternative to

maintaining cadaveric

material in anatomy education.

credit: http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/bodies/vesalius/gallery/vesaliusgallery.html

Reviewing for the viva?

3D print your prosection!

1. Making and studying models facilitates learning.

1. Making and studying models facilitates learning.

2. Anatomical informatics = theoretical models

3. Open source = free to use = democratisation of anatomical data

4. Now, anyone can make an anatomical model based on DICOM data and/or freely available open source datasets.

5. 3D printing is replacing plastination as the

sensible alternative to maintaining cadaveric material in anatomy education.

wax, papier-mache, and wood models have been used to understand and explore human anatomy since ancient times.

Self-portrait with brain, a wax model by eighteenth-century Bolognese anatomist and anatomical modeler Anna Morandi Manzolini (1714–1774)

image courtesy Messbarger

Image courtesy of University of Monash Centre for Human Anatomy Education

Ralph McNeill, CEO

3D Print Works

and Colin Hindle,

lecturer in polymer

materials processing

at Napier University

La Specola

YES.

pictured: 3D print of

prosection at Monash

University's Centre for

Human Anatomy

Education

Attempt to 3D print the diaphragm in nylon FAILS

Introduction

1. Making and studying models facilitates learning.

2. Anatomical informatics is concerned with theoretical models (ontologies), which can be used to make models

3. Open source data brings anatomical knowledge into the public domain

4. Now, anyone can make an anatomical model based on DICOM data and/or freely available open source datasets available online.

5. 3D printing is replacing plastination as a

sensible alternative to maintaining cadaveric material in anatomy education.

Image courtesy of University of Monash Centre for Human Anatomy Education

Embodied Ontologies: anatomical models in the digital age