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Treatment of Faecal Sludge in Emergencies
Katie Anderson
The Project Team
Presentation Overview
Desludging Technologies
Faecal Sludge Treatment
1. Introduction: Emergency Sanitation
2. Key Criteria for Faecal Sludge Treatment
3. Objectives of Fieldwork in Malawi and Experimental Set up
4. Characteristics of Faecal Sludge
5. Faecal Sludge Treatments: Lactic Acid, Urea, Lime
a. Theory
b. Treatment Process
c. Field Results
Raised Latrine
Hurricanes
Earthquakes
War
Acute Phase of Emergency
Faecal-Oral diseases : 40% deaths
Phases of Emergency Response
Months - Years
1-2 Weeks
Resolution
Emergency
Years
2 weeks to 2 months
Phase 1 & 2
Faecal Sludge Treatment :
Contain and treat Excreta --> Mitigate outbreak of communicable diseases
Order of Importance
Objective
To investigate and evaluate the suitability of Urea, Lime and Lactic Acid Treatment processes as a means of treating faecal sludge and the applicability to emergency situations
1. Safety
2. Sanitation : Meet WHO guidelines E-coli <10^3 CFU/100ml
3. Robustness : Treat Liquid and Solid Sludge
4. Treatment Time
5. Process conditions : Optimum dosage, Physical conditions
6. Required Resources:( Chemical Dosage/ Energy Input)
7. Upscalability
8. Applicability of treatment to Phase 1-2 Emergency
50-100 users per day
Sludge Age: 2 weeks- 1 month
High Pressure Fluidizer
Vacuum Pump
Faecal Sludge Emptied into 50L Plastic Drums
Lactic Acid
Urea
Lime
Faecal Sludge Treatment
Summary and Conclusions
All three treatments were able to be conducted safely
Safety:
Sanitisation:
Robustness:
All three treatments were able to meet the WHO guidelines <10^3 CFU/100ml
All three treatments were able to treat sludge with varying %TS
Bangwe Market Toilet Trial
Objectives
Method A
To determine if sanitized sludge can be produced by adding lime periodically into the toilet whilst the public latrine is in use
Method B
To determine if adding lime through the fluidization process during desludging is sufficient to produce a homogeneously sanitised sludge
Pre culture
Innoculum Material
Methodology
Lactic Acid Formation
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Carbohydrates
Lactic Acid
Gram positive species
Preferential nonaerobe
Aerotolerant
Acid tolerant
Strictly Fermentative
Theory
Resultsss
Method A: Daily Addition
Method B: Bulk Lime Addition
Pathogen deactivation not observed for lower sludge layers
0.2% w/w Yakult : Milk Innoculum
Methodology
Fluidizer was inadequate to produce homogeneous mixing
Desired pH not achieved and pathogen destruction not observed
Sugar Source
10% w/w Inocculum to sludge
10%w/w sugar source to sludge
Soluble in water and lipids
Diffusive transportation
Ammonia over cell membrane
Ammonia Inside Cell:
1. Increase pH
2. Destruction of membrane potential
3. Denaturalisation of bacterial membrane
and cell protein
Ultimate Effects
Cell decay
Overall Pathogen destruction
Locally sourced Urea
Theory
Purity 40%
3 min Mixing
Hydrated Lime
Increases Hydroxide ion concentration - raising pH
Highly alkaline environment
Cell growth suppression
Pathogen deactivation
Ammonia Summary
Adequate Log Removal ( 3 Log removal) for E-coli observed between 4-8 days after addition of urea
2% Urea observed to be the most effective
pH 9 – 9.5
Reactors must be sealed to ensure no ammonia gas escapes
Next Phase – upscale to Bladder Experiments – to be conducted in 2 weeks
High temperature can enhance treatment therefore effective use of sunlight will aid treatment
Urea Treatment Results
Control
Theory
Methodology
Results
1%w/w Urea
3%w/w Urea
Lime Treatment Results
Summary of Lime Treatment
-Buffering capacity varied for each sludge
-pH of the reactor maintained over first 2 hours
-Above pH 10.5 reduction in E.coli and Total Coliforms to <10^3 CFU/100ml within 2 hours
-No distinct reduction in COD
- No distinct reduction in TS or VS (TS around 15%, VS around 50%)
0.85g Urea
33kg Sludge
2.51kg Urea
33kg Sludge
10min intense mixing
Stirred Manually for 3 minutes
sampling : 0h,1h,2h, 5h
Sampled over 8 days
pH, NH3-N and E-coli Concentration
Measured