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The Easter Rising 1916

Political and Social Background

Irish War of Independence / Civil War 1919-1923

The Legacy of Violence

Division of Ireland into two states

Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland

The Troubles (1960-1998)

Civil War in Northern Ireland

Paramilitary Groups

Irish Republican Army (Catholic)

Ulster Volunteer Force (Protestant)

Political violence / hunger strikes

Peace process (Good Friday Agreement 1998)

William Butler Yeats

Continuity IRA

Image from the Guardian March 2011

Donegal Pass Police Station Belfast

Non-violent protest following the killings of two soldiers and a policeman

Belfast 2009

Sides

British Army

Police (Royal Ulster Constabulary)

Government of Ireland Act 1914

Nationalists

Mainly Catholic

Goal: A united Republic of Ireland

Sinn Féin

Paramilitary groups

Irish Republican Army / Official IRA / Provisional IRA / Real IRA / Continuity IRA

Unionists

Mainly Protestant

Goal: Northern Ireland should remain a part of the UK

The Orange Order

Paramilitary groups

Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)

Ulster Defence Association (UDA)

Revolutionary Voices

  • British Parliament passes the Irish Third Home Rule Bill (Introduced 1912)
  • Unionists in Northen Ireland respond by forming Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
  • Implementation of Home Rule delayed by outbreak of First World War (1914-18)
  • Majority of Irish Parliamentary Party remain loyal to Britain

After the Famine

The Troubles 1966-1998

Northern Ireland

  • Irish republicans cease to believe that Ireland can gain independence through a political process
  • Sinn Féin (We Ourselves) formed 1905
  • Radical fractions begin to favour a rebellion
  • Irish Republican Brotherhood
  • Irish Volunteers (later IRA) is formed 1913

Northern Ireland 6 of 9 Ulster provinces

Population: 1.8 mill

Demography (2001 Census)

Protestant background: 53,1%

Roman-Catholic: 43,8%

Ethno-Political Conflict

Nothern Irish Civil War

Late 1960's - 1998

Good Friday Agreement

3.526 people were killed during the conflict

Sporadic Violence even today

2011 Peace process seems to have taken root

Northern Ireland remains divided beneath the surface

Ireland has been governed from London since 1801

  • 105 Irish representatives in parliament
  • Growing dissatisfaction/hotility towards Britain
  • Nationalism
  • Growing political demands for Home Rule
  • 1880-1890 Political attempts by Parnell to pass
  • Home Rule bills in the British Parliament
  • Both bills are voted down by House of Commons
  • and House of Lords

Charles Stewart Parnell, Leader of Irish Parliamentary Party 1875-1891

The Orange Order

1918: Sinn Féin win 73 of 105 Irish seats in British Parliament

1919: Declaration of Independence

1919-21 Guerilla War by Irish Republican Army

1922: Truce/establishment of Irish Free State.

six northern counties remain part of UK

1922-1923: Irish Civil War conflict between supporters of the Anglo-Irish Treaty that makes Ireland a part of British Empire and republicans who consider the treaty a betrayal of the Irish Republic proclaimed in the Easter Rising.

The Civil war is won by Free State Supporters but leaves country embittered and divided.

Republic of Ireland established 1937

Michael Collins founder of the IRA

Unionist Protestant Fraternity

Name Commemorates William of Orange

King William III

Defeat of Nationalist Army at the Battle of the Boyne 1690

Sectarianist / Supremacist

Yearly Marches on July 12th

"I can't believe the news today"

(U2 Sunday Bloody Sunday)

Patrick Pearse

Between 1969 and 2001, 3,526 people were killed as a result of the Troubles

Approximately 60% of the dead were killed by republicans, 30% by loyalists and 10% by British security forces.

Teacher and Poet

President of the Provisional

Irish Government

Co-founder of Irish Volunteers

Read the Irish Declaration of Independence

outside General Post Office, Dublin

April 24 1916

Executed 1916

James Conolly

Signing the Declaration

Leader of the Irish Socialist Party

Marxist thinker

Irish Republican Brotherhood

Founder of Irish Citizen Army

Executed 1916

Patrick Pearse

James Connolly

Thomas J Clarke

Thomas MacDonagh

Joseph Plunkett

Sean Mac Diarmada

Eamonn Ceannt

From Famine to Independence

Key Figures

Ireland 1845-1922

John MacBride

Countess Markiewicz

Not member of the Irish Volunteers

Found himself in the middle of the Rebellion and appointed second-in-command at Jacob's Factory

Famously included by Yeats in "Easter 1916"

Executed 1916

Irish Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil politician, revolutionary nationalist, suffragette and socialist. In December 1918, she was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons, though she did not take her seat and along with the other Sinn Féin members formed the first Dáil Éireann.

Mentioned by Yeats in "Easter, 1916"

Proclaiming the Irish Republic

Casualties and Public Opinion

IRISHMEN AND IRISHWOMEN: In the name of God and of the dead generations from which she receives her old tradition of nationhood, Ireland, through us, summons her children to her flag and strikes for her freedom.

Having organised and trained her manhood through her secret revolutionary organisation, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and through her open military organisations, the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, having patiently perfected her discipline, having resolutely waited for the right moment to reveal itself, she now seizes that moment, and, supported by her exiled children in America and by gallant allies in Europe, but relying in the first on her own strength, she strikes in full confidence of victory.

Thomas MacDonagh

64 Rebels Killed, 120 Wounded

British Army and Police 132 Killed, 397 Wounded

Civilians 300 Killed, 2,000 Wounded

Initially the rebellion met resistance by the public

Atrocities comitted by British against civilians during

and after the rebellion changed public opinion

Irish nationalist, poet, playwright, and a leader of the Easter Rising

Mentioned by Yeats in "Easter, 1916"

Executed 1916

William Butler Yeats

1865-1939

Irish poet and playwright

Prolific 2oth century writer

Nobel Prize in Literature

Irish Republican

Ambiguous relationship with Easter Rising

"A terrible beauty is born"

Easter, 1916 dates and events

Easter 1916

Insurrection 24 april - 30 april 1916

Hope for German Support for Rebellion

German ship "Aud" carrying a supply of weapons intercepted by Royal Navy

The Rebellion initially catches British Troops off guard

Rebels fail to secure key locations

16.000 British Troops force the republicans to surrender

90 leaders are imprisoned and 15 executed by firing squad at Kilmainham Gaol, Dublin

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