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United Kingdom of Great Britain

George III

George III came to power anxious to reassert royal power. He wanted to end Whig domination, choose his own ministers, dissolve the cabinet system, and make Parliament follow his will.

How well do you think that will go?

Toward these ends, he:

Gave parliamentary seats to his friends and supporters

Tried to force English colonists in North America to pay the costs of their own defense. Read: TAXATION!

The Enlightened Despots

Despots were absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change.

In 1775, George's policies in North America triggered the American Revolution, which ended in a loss for Britain.

Literature and the Arts

In the 1600s and 1700s, the arts evolved to meet changing tastes.

Section 3 Assessment

Literature

Developed new forms and a wide new audience such as the middle class, who enjoyed stories about their own times. In fact, great numbers of novels were written!

The Lives of Peasants

Growth of Constitutional Government

Music

Courtly Arts

Peasant life varied across Europe. Peasant culture, based on centuries-old traditions, changed SLOWLY.

Why Did Britain Rise to Global Power in the 1700s?

Artists and designers developed the rococo style, which was personal, elegant, and charming.

In the century following the Glorious Revolution, three new political institutions arose in Britain.

Location placed England in a position to control trade during the Renaissance.

New kinds of musical entertainment evolved, such as ballets and operas that followed structured forms. Bach, Handel, and Mozart were brilliant and influential composers of this time.

1. Political parties emerged in England in the late 1600s. The first political parties, the Tories and the Whigs, represented small, exclusive groups of wealthy men.

In Western Europe, serfdom had largely disappeared. Instead, peasants either worked their own plots of land, were tenants of large landowners, or worked as day laborers.

In the 1700s, Britain was usually on the winning side in European conflicts.

Section Four Assessment

Which three new institutions emerged in Britain during the 1600s and 1700s?

a) prime minister, political parties, monarchy

b) prime minister, cabinet, political parties

c)power of the purse, prime minister, cabinet

d) monarchy, power of the purse, political parties.

Which of the following was a goal of George III?

a) strengthening the Whig party

b) holding elections for ministers

c) dissolving the cabinet

d) increasing the power of Parliament

2. The cabinet system was a group of advisers to the prime minister. They were called the cabinet because they met in a small room.

England had developed a powerful navy, which could protect its growing empire and trade.

In central and Eastern Europe (which country belongs here?), serfdom remained firmly rooted.

British troops fired on a crowd of American colonists in

3. The Prime Minister was the leader of the majority party in Parliament and in time the chief official of the British government.

England offered a more favorable climate to business and commerce than did its European rivals

Peasants owed labor services to their lords and could be bought and sold with the land!

a) the Boston Tea Party

b) the Second Continental Congress

c) the Boston Massacre

d) the Continental Congress

The appearance of these institutions was part of the evolution of Britain's constitutional government, that is a government whose power is defined and limited by law.

The union of England and Scotland brought economic advantages to both lands.

The Roles of Censorship and Salons

The three branches of the United States federal government are

a) executive, legislative, and judicial

b) state, legislative, and judicial

c) legislative, state, and judicial

d) state, executive, and legislative

Government and church officials tried to protect the old order. To defend against the attacks of the Enlightenment, they used censorship, the restricting of access to ideas and information. They banned and burned books and imprisoned writers.

Section Two Assessment

Britain at Mid-Century

The American Revolution in the East

What influences spurred Britain's rise to global power?

Salons were informal social gatherings where writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas.

Which ruler was the most radical of the enlightened despots?

a) Catherine the Great

b) Frederick the Great

c) Joseph II

d) Maria Theresa

How did the growth of constitutional government reflect conditions in politics and society?

Which of the following is true of peasant life in Europe?

a) Serfdom had all but disappeared in Eastern Europe.

b) Serfdom remained firmly rooted in Western Europe.

c) Serfdom remained firmly rooted in Eastern Europe.

d) Peasants lived similarly in Eastern and Western Europe.

How did George III reassert royal power?

Birth of the American Republic

Section Two - Enlightenment Ideas Spread

What were the chief characteristics of the 13 English colonies?

What role did censorship and salons play in the spread of new ideas?

The 13 Colonies

How did philosophes influence enlightened despots?

Not fourteen, not twelve..but THIRTEEN!

How did growing discontent lead to the American Revolution?

By the mid 1700s, the colonies were home to diverse religious and ethnic groups. The colonists felt entitled to the rights of English citizens, and their colonial assemblies exercised much control over local affairs.

How did the Enlightenment affect art and literature?

Growing Discontent

How did the new constitution reflect the ideas of the Enlightenment?

After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13 colonies grew strained.

Why were the lives of the majority unaffected?

George III wanted the colonists to help pay for the Seven Years' War and troops still stationed along the frontier.

"NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!"

Separation of Powers

Although the ways of life between the colonists of New England and those in the south differed, the colonists shared common values, respect for individual enterprise, and an increasing sense of their own identity separate from that of Britain.

The colonists protested that since they had no representation in Parliament, the British had no right to tax them.

The Enlightenment and the American Revolution

British troops fired on a crowd of colonists in the "Boston Massacre" = the catalyst needed for the colonists to finally fight.

Representatives from each colony met in a Continental Congress, declaring war on Britain.

Colonists also protested by disguising themselves as Indians and dumping tea in the Boston Harbor, known as the Boston Tea Party.

The SECOND Continental Congress declared independence from Britain and created the Declaration of Independence.

Section One - Philosophy and Age of Reason

A New Constitution

Section Two - Enlightenment Ideas Spread

The new constitution reflected the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau

Section One Questions

Now...

The framers of the Constitution saw government in terms of a social contract. They provided for an elective legislature and an elected president.

Grab out your smartphones and access the Socrative application! It is time to take a quiz.

After that, get ready because we are about to get into the French Revolution!

Section Three - Britain at Mid-Century

How did scientific progress promote trust in human reason?

The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal government and the states.

The federal government was separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch was provided with checks and balances on the other branches.

How did the social contract and the separation of powers affect views on government?

Section Four - Birth of the American Republic

The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, recognized that people have basic rights that the government MUST protect.

How did new ideas affect society and the economy?

Progress and Reason

Scientific progress convinced Europeans of the power of human reason.

If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws, or laws that governed human nature?

Thus, the Scientific Revolution led to another revolution in thinking, which came to be known as the Enlightenment.

Through the use of reason, people and governments could solve social, political, and economic problems.

The Philosophes and Society

Thinkers called philosophes believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society.

Political Thinkers of the Enlightenment

New Economic Thinking

Three thinkers influenced politics for decades to come!

Thinkers called physiocrats focused on economic reforms. Like the philosophes, physiocrats looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system. Think of them like modern-day economists that actually try and do things for the economy!

Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called laissez faire.

Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?

a) Montesquieu

b) Hobbes

c) Rousseau

d) Voltaire

Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?

a) They rejected laissez faire in favor or mercantilism.

b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire.

c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire.

d) They focused on social reform.

Laissez faire means allowing businesses to run with little or no government interference.

In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity. Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.

John Locke, especially, influenced American colonists and their views on how politicians should act, and give a reason for why they began their revolution!

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