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Subphylum: Hexapoda

  • Thoracic segment with 3 pairs of jointed legs
  • 3 major body regions – head, thorax, abdomen

Class: Insecta

  • Three major body regions: head, thorax, abdomen
  • Zero, one, or two pairs of wings
  • Six legs
  • Usually one pair of antennae, often highly reduced

Order Isopoda: Woodlice and Pillbugs

Order Odonata: Dragonflies and Damselflies

Order Orthoptera: Grasshoppers and Crickets

Dragonflies

  • 2 pairs of wings
  • Long, thin abdomen
  • Large eyes occupying majority of head
  • Hold wings flat at rest
  • Often are larger, with more robust body

Order Coleoptera: Beetles

  • Hind legs modified for jumping
  • Two pairs of wings, hind wings folded beneath front wings
  • Chewing mouthparts

Order Hemiptera: “True Bugs”

Damselflies

  • Two pairs of wings
  • Membranous hind wings folded beneath hardened front wings (elytra)
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Varied antenna shapes
  • Hold wings together above body at rest
  • Smaller, with more slender body

Grasshopper

Characteristics

  • Front wings with upper leathery portion and lower membranous portion
  • Hind wings membranous, beneath front wings at rest
  • Piercing-sucking mouthparts

More Hemiptera!

Order Homoptera: Planthoppers, Cicadas, Aphids

Butterflies

Order Decapoda: Crayfish, Crabs, Lobsters, Shrimp

Order Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths

  • Two pairs of wings, held roof-like over body at rest
  • Antennae often short
  • Piercing-sucking mouthparts
  • Clubbed antennae
  • Usually day flying
  • Finer scales
  • Slender bodies

Order Hymenoptera: Bees, Wasps, Ants

Moths

  • Two pairs of wings
  • Wings covered with scales, come off as a dusty powder when handled
  • Coiled proboscis for reaching nectar deep within flowers
  • Feathery antennae
  • Often (but not always!) night flying
  • Denser scales, appear “fuzzier”
  • Stout bodied

Bees vs. Flies

Order Diptera: Flies

Bees

  • One pair of wings, usually clear
  • Hind wings reduced to halteres, knobbed structures used for balance during flight
  • Large eyes

Wasps

  • Two pairs of wings, usually clear
  • Some without wings
  • Abdomen attached to thorax by thin waist
  • Often have stinger or ovipositor (egg laying tube) at end of abdomen
  • Rounded, segmented body
  • Seven pairs of legs
  • Antennae
  • May have feelers at end of abdomen
  • Many species roll into a ball for defense

Ants

  • Five pairs of legs
  • Front three used for feeding
  • Often one pair of legs in modified into pincers

Subphylum Crustacea

  • Biramous limbs (consisting of two parts)
  • Three major body regions – head, thorax, abdomen

Subphylum: Myriapoda

  • Numerous body segments
  • Most segments with one or two pairs of jointed legs
  • One pair of antennae

Class: Diplopoda: Millipedes

Class: Chilopoda: Centipedes

  • Many segments with two pairs of legs on each
  • Usually 100 to 300 legs
  • Often have rounded bodies, but can be flattened
  • Many curl into characteristic defensive posture
  • Many segmented, flattened body form
  • One pair of legs per segment
  • Usually have long antennae and venomous jaws
  • Predatory

Subphylum: Chelicerata

Order Opiliones: Harvestmen

  • Two major body regions: cephalothorax and abdomen
  • Mouthparts: appendages called chelicerae
  • Eight long, jointed legs
  • Appears to have one round or oval body region
  • Non-venomous
  • Don’t spin webs

Order Araneae: Spiders

  • Two body segments
  • Abdomen - unsegmented
  • Cephalothorax – consists of head and attachment point for legs
  • Eight legs

Order Pseudoscorpiones

  • Look similar to scorpions with no stinger
  • 8 walking legs
  • 2 large claw-like pedipalps

Order Acari: Mites and Ticks

  • Eight short legs, highly reduced in some parasitic species
  • Small head, sometimes with visible sucking mouthparts
  • Some common species of mites are red or orange

Thank You!

What is an arthropod?

Discover Life in America's

Questions?

The Phylum arthropoda includes a great diversity of organisms from horseshoe crabs to flies and beetles to scorpions. The term “arthropod” means “jointed foot”. Arthropods are invertebrates with hard exoskeletons, segmented bodies, and many paired legs. Due to the hardened exoskeleton, the legs must be jointed for movement to be possible.

Photo Sources:

Rebecca Shiflett

Crayfish:

http://www.nps.gov/grsm/photosmultimedia/Wildlife.htm

Unknown Photographer

Orb Weaver:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orb_weaver_black_bckgrnd03_crop.jpg

Mehran Moghtadai

Harvestman:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harvestmen_Close_Macro.jpg

Rutgers Landscape & Nursery

Stinkbug, Stinkbug 2:

http://rutgers-leslie.blogspot.com/2010/09/stink-bugs-on-rise.html

Gladson Machado

Housefly:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Closeup_of_House_fly.JPG

Alice Russell

Butterfly:

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/butterflies/butterfly_index.html

Khew SK

Butterfly Proboscis, 1- 5:

http://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2008/06/butterfly-proboscis.html

Gene Hanson

Damselfly, Dragonfly eyes, Dragonfly at rest, Sphinx moth, Milkweed bugs, Cicada 2, Grasshopper 2, Grasshopper wings, Bee fly, Bee fly 2, Fly, Crab spider, Wasp 2, Bumblebee 1-2, Pollen sacs 1-2, Bee covered in pollen, Beetle 2, Skipper, Butterfly 2, Pipevine swallowtail 1-2, Rosette Skimmer, Spider, Proboscis 6, Grasshopper leg, ladybug:

http://www.genehanson.com/

Graham Montgomery

Wasp 3, Treehopper, Leaf footed bug mouthparts, Firefly 2, Weevil, Moth 2, Water Strider, Harvestman with mites, Mite, Pseudoscorpion, Crawdad, Millipede, Jumping spider, Grasshopper 4, Cricket, Moth 3, Ants 1-3, Crane fly, Mosquito, Cicada 3, Aphid, Damselfly 3:

http://www.pbase.com/gmontgomery

Meng Meng

Water strider 2:

http://www.treknature.com/gallery/Asia/Thailand/photo154910.htm

Tom Murray

American dog tick

Joyce Gross

Dog ticks

Tony DiTerlizzi

Dog tick:

http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/american_dog_tick.htm

Stanislav Krejčík

Pill bug:

http://eol.org/pages/7230/overview

Bryan Nowak

Millipede 2:

http://www.gadoodles.com/images/Smokies-2011-04-13/Animals/Centipede/index.htm

B. Newton

Millipede 3:

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CritterFiles/casefile/relatives/millipedes/millipede.htm#spiro

Jonathan Francisco

Crayfish 2:

http://www.biol.andrews.edu/everglades/organisms/invertebrates/arthropods/pond_crayfish/pond_crayfish.html

Eric Guinther:

Centipede:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centipede.jpg

Unknown Photographer:

Centipede 2:

http://dailylinked.blogspot.com/2008/11/giant-centipede-found-while-eating-bat.html

Basic Arthropod Taxonomy

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Biodiversity, DLIA, and the ATBI

Biodiversity is the variety of life in an ecosystem. Levels of biodiversity help indicate how healthy an ecosystem is, and they help understand the effects on humans as well. Resources such as clean air, fertile soil, and clean water are all connected directly to the ecosystem and its biodiversity. Diversity is important to human life in ways not easily seen nor easily understood, and biodiversity is needed for humans and all other life on this planet to subsist.

Biodiversity includes all types of life forms from plants to animals, and with estimates as high as 80,000 species in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GSMNP) it is something we know is important.

It is because of this that DLIA works with scientists and volunteers from around the world to coordinate the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI). The title explains it all, an all inclusive inventory of the Taxa, all the biological groups and families known and unknown in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park!

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