음악현상의 이해 - 3 Musical elements

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1. Melody : range

1. Melody :pitch

Phrase example

1. Melody : structure

1. Melody : Musical Line

*Accidentals

* Clefs

* Pitch names

Altering the pitch of written note.

A sharp(#) and a flat( ) indicates the

pitch half step above and below.

A natural cancels a sharp and flat.

Double sharp(X) and double flat raise and lower the pitch by whole tone.

Ut queant Laxix ................... Do (Dominus)

Resonare fibris...................... Re

Mira gestorum...................... Mi

Famuli tuorm........................ Fa

Solve poluuti......................... Sol

Labii reatum.......................... La

Snacte Iohannes.................... Si

A melody is a coherent succession of single pitches. We perceive the pitches of a melody in relation to each other, in the same way we hear the words of a Sentence – not singly but as an entire thought.

*Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of a tone, depending on the rate of vibration (or frequency) – the faster the vibration, the higher the pitch. The distance between two different pitches is called an *Interval.

A melody goes up and down ; by *range-distance between the melody’s highest and lowest tones.

*Conjunct and disjunct movement ; melodies that move principally by small intervals in joined are called *conjunct, while those that move in disjointed or disconnected intervals are described as *disjunct.

Phrase : most basic structural units of melody consists of a group of notes that give the impression of belonging together

Cadence : a place in a piece of music that feels like a stopping or resting point. In tonal music, cadences are classified by their chord progressions

Counter melody : music features several simultaneous melodies, sometimes the relative importance of one over the other is clear, and the added tune is called counter melody (against a melody). Each melodic line is of seemingly equal importance.

*Key signature

Most of music, Sharps and flats are written at the beginning of each line of music, in the key signature.

Mozart, Marriage of Figaro, overture (bar-graph score)

Pierrot Lunaire, 18.Der Mondfleck (The Moonfleck)

Mozart, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Third Movement

Gregorian Chant (Advocatam) Llibre Vermell de Montserrat

The equal tempered scale usually refers to the musical scale with 12 equal divisions of the octave, but here I take an equal-tempered scale to be any scale where the frequency of each note is related to the next by a constant multiplier. For example, in the standard 12-note equal-tempered scale (which I will call E12 from now on) we go up by one degree of the scale (called a semitone) by multiplying the frequency by the 12th root of 2 (approx 1.059).

Our pitch sense is logarithmic with respect to frequency. An octave corresponds to a doubling of frequency. There are 12 semitones to an octave, and for fine measurements of pitch, a semitone is further divided into 100 cents. The best human piano tuners have an average error of +-2 cents. So with regard to musical tuning I take the terms just or true to mean "within about 2 cents".

Equal-tempered scales may be considered as approximating just or true scales.

Gregorian chant : conjunct movement, small range

Transcription of Schubert's 4 hands Fantasy D. 940

by Jérôme Ducros, for 2 hands. Jérôme Ducros, piano. Fourth Movement

Mozart “The Marriage of figaro (opening excerpt) : Mostly conjunct movement, medium range

2004 KAIST Music Festival rocKlassic 2부-3

Haydn symphony no.94 in Gmajor, 2nd movement

(countermelody begins about one minute into the piece)

Schonberg “Pierrot lunaire, no18 : Disjunct movement, wide range

Oblivision (피아졸라의 오블리비온) - Harmonica 이병란, Piano 배효준 Malaguena (말라구에나) - Harmonica 이병란

Mozart “ Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, 3rd movement : Symmetrical movement

César Franck Violin Sonata in A major - 2nd mvt.

III. The Elements of Music

2. Rhythm : the notation of rhythm

2. Rhythm :Musical time

2. Rhythm : Musical time

Notes

Beats

Whole

4 beats each

Rest :

Rhythm is made up of sounds and silences. These sound and silences are put together to form a pattern of sounds which are repeated to create a rhythm.

A rhythm has a steady beat, but it may also have different kinds of beats.

Some beats may be stronger, longer, shorter or softer than others.

In a single piece of music, a composer can use many different rhythms

Half

2 beats each

Quarter

1 beats each

Tie :

• Beat : Basic unit we use to measure time. The term refers to the length or duration of individual notes. Some beats are stronger than than others; accented. In most music strong beats occur at regular intervals- every other beat, every 3rd beat, every fourth, and so on.
• Meter : It is actual measurement of time. It refers to the number of beats in a measurement
• Measure : Measure is divided into smaller parts.
• Metrical Patterns : western music is based on simple recurring patterns of two, three, or four beats grouped together in a a measure.
• Upbeat : Music starts last beat of measure
• Syncopation : instead of falling on the strong beat of the measure, the accent is shifted to a weak beat or to an offbeat

Dot :

Eighth

2 to a beat

4 to a beat

Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός—rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry" may be generally defined as a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions." This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time may be applied to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or frequency of anything from microseconds to millions of years

Sixteenth

8 to a beat

Thirty-second

Musical Systems

Sixty-fourth

16 to a beat

Triplet :

Miracle of Octave

In the performance arts rhythm is the timing of events on a human scale; of musical sounds and silences, of the steps of a dance, or the meter of spoken language and poetry. Rhythm may also refer to visual presentation, as "timed movement through space." and a common language of pattern unites rhythm with geometry. In recent years, rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music.

Time signature: duple meter 2/2 2/4

triple meter 3/2 3/4 3/8

Quadruple meter 4/4

Sextuple meter 6/4 6/8

polyrhythm

Whole Steps and Half Steps

Name of Tones and Intervals

Ascending and Descending

Haydn Symphony No. 94 in G 2nd movement

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik 3rd Movement - Mozart

Maple Leaf Rag Played by Scott Joplin

Brahms Requiem - 4. Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen

*****Listening melody

• Gregorian Chant (Nonmetric)
• Haydn : Symphony no.94 in G major, 2nd movement(Duple meter)
• Mozart : Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, 3rd movement (Triple meter)
• Brahms : A German Requiem, 4th movement (Triple meter)
• Mozart : Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, 1st movement (Quadruple meter)
• Bernstein : Mambo, from West Side Story (changing meter)
• Debussy : Prelude to “The Afternoon of a Faun (Veiled pulse)
• Joplin : Maple Leaf Rag (syncopation)
• Ligeti : Disorder, from Etudes for piano (polyrhythm)

The Formation of Major and Minor Scale

Mozart, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, First Movement

Scott Joplin Movie

Dueling Pianos Competition Scene - 1977

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bernstein: "Mambo!" from West Side Story

III. The Elements of Music

Chromatic scale

Sharp and flat

Key

Debussy: L'après-midi d'un faune (Stokowski) part 1/2

III. The Elements of Music

Andaloro - György Ligeti: Étude Nr. 1 "Désordre"

The Major Scale

The Minor Scale

Other Scale ( Pentatonic, Tritonic & Heptatonic, Microtones, Ragas )

3. Harmony : scale

3. Harmony : Musical space

3. Harmony : organization

3. Harmony : key signature

Octave(12 half steps)

Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 8, Op. 13 "Pathétique" II. Adagio cantabile

Harmony describes the movement and relationship of intervals and chords

Also adds another dimension : depth or the simultaneous happening in music.

Transposition : The act of shifting all the tones of uniform distance to a different pitch level

Choice of key : Composer's certain effects & emotional atmosphere or a color

Modulation : The process of passing from one key to another

pentatonic

Bach Chromatic Fanragy and Fugue in D minor

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Tonic : The first tone of scale, do, called tonic or keynote serves as a home base.

Tonality : The principle of organization around the central tone, the tonic, is tonality

Major and minor scales : these two types are built on different structure of intervals.

Diatonic and chromatic : Diatonic describes melodies or harmonies that are built from the tones of a Major or minor scale: chromatic (from the Greek word chroma, meaning “color”) describes the full gamut of notes available in the octave.

Dissonance : musical tones that sounds discordant, unstable, in need of resolution.

Consonance : combination of musical tones that provides a sense of relaxation.

Drone : harmony takes the subsidiary role of a single sustained tone

do re mi fa sol la ti do

J.S.Bach-Toccata e Fuga BWV 565-Karl Richter

Pentatonic scale, Tritonic & heptatonic scale, Microtonones, Ragas … etc.

Haydn :symphony No.94 in G major, 2nd movement (surprise)

Ascending :

Chord : when three or more tones are sounded together

Scale : collection of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order

Syllables : scales are assigned syllables, do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do

Thus the interval do-re(1-2) is a second, do-mi(1-3) is a third, do-fa(1-4) is a fourth,

Do-sol(1-5) is a fifth, do-la(1-6)is a sixth, do-ti(1-7) is a seventh, and do-do(1-8) is an

Octave.

Triad : a certain combination of three tones. A triad built on the first degree consists of the first, third, and fifth pitches of the scale(do-mi-sol); on the second degree, steps 2-4-6(re-fa-la); on the third degree, steps 3-5-7(mi-sol-ti); and so on.

The triad is a basic formation in western music.

Mozart : Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, 3rd movement

Telecast March 22, 1952 from Carnegie Hall, New York City

Beethoven :Symphony No.5 in C minor Allegro con brio, 1st movement

Handel: Music for the Royal Fireworks, Overture.

Chopin - Polonaise, Op. 53

*****Listening

• Haydn :symphony No.94 in G major, 2nd movement (surprise)
• Mozart : Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, 3rd movement (major tonality)
• Beethoven :Symphony No.5, 1st movement (minor tonality)
• Handel : music for the royal fire works (consonance)
• Chopin : polonaise op.53
• Ligeti : Etude no.4 "Fanfares" from Etudes for piano (dissonance)
• Rachmaninov : Piano concerto no.2 in C minor, op.18
• Smetana : The Moldau (Major/minor tonality)
• Beethoven : Piano Sonata op.13 in C minor (pathetic)

Descending :

Sergei Rachmaninoff plays his Piano Concerto No. 2

Etude no.4 "Fanfares"

This record collection was recorded

in 1929 by RCA victor with

Rachmaninoff's favorite orchestra; the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Leopold Stokowski (1882-1977) is conducting.

III. The Elements of Music

Smetana, Die Moldau, Chamber Orchestra of Europe, N. Harnoncourt

Beethoven: Sonata "Pathetique" Op. 13 - I. Grave. Allegro di molto e con brio

4. Musical Texture

6. Tempo and Dynamics

Tempo carries emotional implications.

Vigor and gaiety are associated with a brisk speed.

In an Art that moves in time, as music does,

The pace is of prime importance,

drawing from listeners responses that are both physical and psychological.

Monophonic : The simplest texture, single voiced. melody is heard without any harmonic accompaniment...may be with rhythm and percussion instruments

Heterophony : two or more voices simultaneously elaborating the same melody, Usually in an improvised performance. One type of texture found outside the tradition of Western art music. forlk music, jazz, spiritual

Dvořák: Symphony №9, "From The New World" - II - Largo

grave solemn ( very, very slow ) pianissimo (pp) very soft

Largo broad ( very slow ) piano (p) soft

Adagio quite slow mezzo piano (mp) moderately soft

Andante a walking pace mezzo forte (mf) moderately loud

Moderato moderate forte (f) loud

Allegro fast ( cheerful ) fortissimo (ff) very loud

Vivace lively

Presto very fast

Polyphony : many voiced texture, two or more different melodic lines are combined. polyphonic texture is based on couterpoint.

Counterpoint : this term comes from the latin “point against point” or “note against note”- is art of combining two or more simultaneous melodic lines.

Directions to change the dynamics, either suddenly or gradually, are indicated by words or signs.

crescendo ( ) : growing louder

decrescendo or diminuendo ( ) : growing softer

sforzando ( sf ). "forcing" : accent on a single note or chord

Beethoven piano sonata ㅜㅐ 14

Molto (very), meno (less), poco (little), non troppo (not too much)

III. The Elements of Music

Homophony : a single voice takes over the melodic interests, while the accompanying parts take a subordinate role.

Dynamic to help shape the expressive content of a music. These expression marks increased during the late 18th and 19th century.

if tempo and dynamics are the domain of the composer, what is the role of performers and conductors in interpreting a musical work? Performer's directions can be imprecise - what is loud or fast to one performer may be moderate in volume and tempo to another. Even when composers give precise direction in their scores, performers have final say in choosing a tempo and dynamic that best delivers the message of the music.

Bach | Solo Sonata in A Minor | Grave & Fuga

Haec Dies, Confitemini Domino - Catholic Gregorian Chant

Bach, Jesus, Joy of Man's Desiring, Willem van Twillert Organ, Bolsward

*****Listening

• Gregorian Chant (Monophonic texture)
• Bach : Organ chorale prelude, Jesu, Joy of man’s desiring (Polyphony texture)
• Bach : Fugue in C minor & Josquin : Ave Maria…virgo serena (imitation),
• Handel : “Rejoice greatly “from Messiah (Homophonic texture)
• The wind that shakes the Barley by the Chieftains (Heterophonic texture)

Henry Purcell - Dido and Aeneas

Bach - Completed Fugue in C minor BWV 562

Josquin - Ave Maria...Virgo Serena

Mozart Serenade No 10 In B Flat Major K 361 III Adagio

*****Listening

Grave - Purcell: Dido's Larment, from Dido and Aeneas

Adagio - Albinoni

Moderato, Crescendo/decrescendo - Brahms : A germain requiem, fourth movement

Vivace Forte - Stravinsky : Petrushka, opening

piano - copland : Street in a frontier Town, from Billy the Kid, opening

Debussy : petite suite

Rejoice - Diana Damrau

How Lovely is Thy Dwelling Place from A German Requiem J Brahms

Lord of the Rings - the wind that shakes the barley

Beethoven - Molto Vivace (Sinfonía Nº9

Stravinsky's Petrushka

Aaron Copland - Billy the Kid

Robert and Gaby Casadesus play Debussy Petite suite 1/2