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Ancient Greece: The Rise of City-States and Colonies

Organization of City-States

  • By 750 BCE, the city-state or "polis" became the center of Greek life.
  • Example - Athens

Population: 300,000

  • Community of People: citizens with rights (adult males), citizens with no rights (women & children), noncitizens (aliens, laborers, slaves)
  • Overpopulation in City-States led to Mediterranean colonization. People searched for : farmland, trade.
  • New Greek colonies established along Mediteranean coastlines: North Africa, southern Spain, France, Italy, and the Black Sea.

New Government

Rival City-States: Athens and Sparta

  • As the Greek influence spread throughout the Mediterranean, they challenged Persia for supremacy.
  • Persia tried to invade Athens from Marathon, but defeated.
  • Darius, leader of Persia vowed revenge. His son, Xerxes planned to invade Greece after his father died.
  • Xerxes invaded Greece; Greek City-States form alliance

  • Greek City-States unite against the Persian invasion.
  • Greek forces created the largest Greek army in 479 BCE, and defeated the Persian army at Plataea.
  • People would meet for political, social, and religious activities.

Greek Expansion of Colonies in Mediterranean

  • Main gathering place was the "acropolis" or fortified area.
  • Military system: soldiers or "hoplites"
  • Independent, distrusted each other, often went to war with each other.
  • Spread of culture & political ideas.
  • Tyrants - wealthy men who seized power by force from Aristocrats
  • Expansion of trade & industry = $$$$$
  • Citizens sick of tyranny by 6th century BCE

The Challenge of Persia

Athens

Sparta

Greeks Unite

  • Some city-states had tyrants, democracy, or oligarchy (rule by few, usually aristocrats).
  • People began to dislike rule by tyrants. Tyrants ended the rule of aristocrats. The end of tyranny allowed for citizens to participate in gov't = beginnings of Democracy.
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