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Chapter 21 Section 2:

The Rise of Cities

Hospital Care

  • 1849 anesthesia used in surgery
  • Many died in dirty hospitals
  • Rich were treated at home

The Working Class Advances

Medical Advances

City Life Changes

Florence Nightingale and Joseph Lister

  • 1800-1900 population doubles
  • Death rate falls
  • Rabies and anthrax vaccines
  • Germ theory
  • Pasteurization kill diseases in milk
  • Robert Koch found bacteria causes TB
  • 1914 yellow fever and malaria in mosquitoes
  • Nutrition better: farming, food storage, distribution
  • Mutual-aid societies helped sick & injured workers
  • Strike by not working
  • Violence involved
  • Demand better pay and hours
  • 1909 British miners only work 8 hrs
  • Create disability insurance
  • Germany, Britain, France, & Austria legalized unions
  • Law passed no child labor, no women in mines
  • Streets became spacious squares and boulevards
  • rebuilt poor areas (urban renewal)
  • rich in suburbs, poor in city
  • Used trolleys
  • Gas lamps, paved streets, electric light
  • sewage system
  • High rate of crime & alcoholism
  • music halls, opera houses, museums, theaters

Florence Nightingale: A nurse who encouraged better hygiene and founded the first nursing school. Joseph Lister: the first to sterilize surgery tools with anesthesia.

Labor Union

Louis Sullivan

Sports

Pioneered a new structure: The Skyscraper

Sports included tennis and bare-knuckle boxing.

Slums

  • Poor lived in slums
  • Homes were small and cramped
  • High rates crime & alcoholism
  • Unemployment and illness ruined families

Standard of Living

  • quality and availability of necessities and comforts
  • Families ate varied diets
  • Lived in better homes
  • Dressed in inexpensive clothes
  • Improved health
  • Some workers moved to suburbs, travel on subways & trolleys.
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