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The Intertestamental Period

The Jews

The Romans

The Greeks

Begin this period under Persian dominance, but with a measure of self-government.

Rome begins this period as a small republic, but its power gradually grows.

Three Jewish Communities: Egypt, Jerusalem, Babylon

323 BC

Death of Alexander

the Great

2 Strategies for dealing

with Occupation

c. 330 BC

Alexander the Great enters Jerusalem peacefully.

Collaborate

Resist

The Lesson of the Exile:

Adaptation = Survival

The lessons of the Exile:

  • We are unique only because of God
  • We must maintain this at all costs
  • Keep community boundaries strictly

Riches and influence can be gained and used to protect your people.

After Alexander dies, the Seleucids struggle against the Ptolemies for control over Judea. The Seleucids eventually win.

The other group isn't so bad after all.

Counter-intuitive survival strategy: When it comes to God, adaptation is bad; religious purity earns divine deliverance and survival.

Accepted Greek

Philosophy

Dress

Language

Customs

Religions

Resist with arms if possible.

Martyrdom is better than giving in.

Became known as "Hellenists"

"Sadducees"

Became known as "The Jews"

"Pharisees"

c. 170 BC

The Seleucid kings are ruthless. King Antiochus decides to unify his empire by forcing all to accept Greek culture and worship Greek gods.

167 BC

The Jewish revolt begins under Matthias Hashmonayim. Judas "Maccabeus" ("The Hammer of God") is the general; Simon is the Priest.

But they gradually weaken

through infighting &

pressure from enemies

Miraculously, the Jews win their independence.

Having conquered the West, Rome turns eastward and conquers Macedonia in 148 BC and the Seleucid Empire in 63 BC.

160 BC

Independent Jewish Kingdom

But because of infighting...

To Rome

Rome begins to exercise influence in Jewish politics as a sort of big brother whose support can validate one side or the other.

63 BC

Simon Maccabeus seeks and obtains an alliance with Rome.

But Greek cultural dominance continued long after the Empire fell apart politically.

With two rival claimants to the Jewish throne, a civil war begins.

Internal fighting between Pharisees and Sadducees results in two rival claimants to the Jewish throne. Rome is asked to settle the dispute. Pompey the Great enters Jerusalem with Roman legions...

Hyrcanus II

Aristobolus II

  • Supported by the Sadducees
  • Has the support of Julius Caesar in Rome
  • Supported by the Pharisees
  • Has the support of Pompey in Rome

Caesar and Pompey are rivals.

Since Pompey controls Jerusalem, he chooses Hyrcanus II to be King.

Architecture

Language

37 BC -

4 BC

Literature

Roads

Herod the Great reigns as a Jewish King over a client state allied with Rome. Through shrewd political alliances, he is able to extend his rule throughout the region and keep special privileges for the Jews: their own religion, exemption from military service, and ruling powers for their Council of Elders - The Sanhedrin.

Now a Big Empire

Religion

The Arts

Jews spread throughout the Roman Empire.

Begin with a big empire

37 BC Marc Antony and Cleopatra fight Octavius. Octavius wins. Herod shifts his support to Octavius and in return is appointed to the Jewish throne by Octavius, now Caesar Augustus. After a short battle to depose Hyrcanus II, Herod is installed on the throne with Rome's blessing.

44 BC Caesar

murdered. Herod has to find a new patron: he chooses Marc Antony, his boyhood friend.

...and they never leave!

Parthia

Stolen!

48 BC Pompey

murdered - Herod's family may have had something to do with it. Ceasar supports Herod.

343-282 BC

Expansion

throughout the

Italian Peninsula

Rome

50 BC - Pompey's agents murder Aristobolus II in order to weaken Caesar.

Expansion in Gaul

to 50 BC

by

Rome

264-146 BC

Punic Wars

vs.

Carthage

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