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The Intertestamental Period
The Jews
The Romans
The Greeks
Begin this period under Persian dominance, but with a measure of self-government.
Rome begins this period as a small republic, but its power gradually grows.
Three Jewish Communities: Egypt, Jerusalem, Babylon
2 Strategies for dealing
with Occupation
c. 330 BC
Alexander the Great enters Jerusalem peacefully.
Collaborate
Resist
The Lesson of the Exile:
Adaptation = Survival
The lessons of the Exile:
Riches and influence can be gained and used to protect your people.
After Alexander dies, the Seleucids struggle against the Ptolemies for control over Judea. The Seleucids eventually win.
The other group isn't so bad after all.
Counter-intuitive survival strategy: When it comes to God, adaptation is bad; religious purity earns divine deliverance and survival.
Accepted Greek
Philosophy
Dress
Language
Customs
Religions
Resist with arms if possible.
Martyrdom is better than giving in.
Became known as "Hellenists"
"Sadducees"
Became known as "The Jews"
"Pharisees"
c. 170 BC
The Seleucid kings are ruthless. King Antiochus decides to unify his empire by forcing all to accept Greek culture and worship Greek gods.
167 BC
The Jewish revolt begins under Matthias Hashmonayim. Judas "Maccabeus" ("The Hammer of God") is the general; Simon is the Priest.
But they gradually weaken
through infighting &
pressure from enemies
Miraculously, the Jews win their independence.
Having conquered the West, Rome turns eastward and conquers Macedonia in 148 BC and the Seleucid Empire in 63 BC.
160 BC
Independent Jewish Kingdom
But because of infighting...
Rome begins to exercise influence in Jewish politics as a sort of big brother whose support can validate one side or the other.
63 BC
Simon Maccabeus seeks and obtains an alliance with Rome.
But Greek cultural dominance continued long after the Empire fell apart politically.
With two rival claimants to the Jewish throne, a civil war begins.
Internal fighting between Pharisees and Sadducees results in two rival claimants to the Jewish throne. Rome is asked to settle the dispute. Pompey the Great enters Jerusalem with Roman legions...
Hyrcanus II
Aristobolus II
Caesar and Pompey are rivals.
Since Pompey controls Jerusalem, he chooses Hyrcanus II to be King.
37 BC -
4 BC
Herod the Great reigns as a Jewish King over a client state allied with Rome. Through shrewd political alliances, he is able to extend his rule throughout the region and keep special privileges for the Jews: their own religion, exemption from military service, and ruling powers for their Council of Elders - The Sanhedrin.
Now a Big Empire
Begin with a big empire
37 BC Marc Antony and Cleopatra fight Octavius. Octavius wins. Herod shifts his support to Octavius and in return is appointed to the Jewish throne by Octavius, now Caesar Augustus. After a short battle to depose Hyrcanus II, Herod is installed on the throne with Rome's blessing.
44 BC Caesar
murdered. Herod has to find a new patron: he chooses Marc Antony, his boyhood friend.
...and they never leave!
Stolen!
48 BC Pompey
murdered - Herod's family may have had something to do with it. Ceasar supports Herod.
343-282 BC
Expansion
throughout the
Italian Peninsula
50 BC - Pompey's agents murder Aristobolus II in order to weaken Caesar.
Expansion in Gaul
to 50 BC
264-146 BC
Punic Wars
vs.
Carthage