Final Project-6410/Kramer

history of assessment through time, Michelle Burgoyne and Christie Rasmussen.

These are the four theorists that we have researched through

this project.

Horseman Edward, thorndike, Howard Gardner and Angela Duckworth's introduction as

masters candidates, we noticed that we have several students who

do not attempt to do their best work during class,

which in turn creates a problem on the tests.

We were curious as to how we could get our

students to do better on their assessments as there are

great teachers.

We know that testing is important and that it guides

instruction due to our interest in having students do better

on their tests and to have more grit.

We decided that we wanted to look at the history

and psychology behind assessments.

Mhm. Early beginnings, Horace Mann.

In 18 37 Horseman was elected the first Secretary of

massachusetts Board of Education, and thus the first common school

was created in 18 38.

The creation of the common school brought about the need

for assessing students and their knowledge and understanding of content

taught many of the first assessments for verbal.

During the pre Civil War era, schools began to use

externally mandated written exam examinations to assess student progress in

specific curricular areas and to aid in a variety of

administrative and policy decisions.

Okay, Connection is um Edward, thorndike, thorndike was involved in

the development of the stimulus response or behavioral concepts of

learning, which is otherwise known as connection is um This

is based on the principle of active learning and is

the result of work learning is achieved when the individual

forms connections between a particular stimulus and response.

This is the thorndike puzzle box where he tested with

a cat connective is um Edward thorndike measurements and testing

were at the heart of connecting collectivism until intelligence is

determined by nature and the way to measure intelligence was

through testing according to spring thorndike believed that the ideal

social organization is one in which people are scientifically selected

for the social roles.

Through testing according to thorndike.

Human classification through testing and measurement would produce a more

efficient society by matching individuals talents with social needs multiple

intelligence with Howard Gardner.

Gardner believes differently from thorndike.

He believes that you can't measure intelligence from a paper

pencil test.

The I.

Q. Test is a language logic test and Does not

include all the and does not include all the multiple

intelligences. He believes every person is made up of eight

bits of intelligence.

Gardner has studied his theory of multiple intelligence for the

last 40 years.

He believes you need to test individuals in each area

to create a bigger picture of a person's intelligence.

Yeah this is a graphic put together about the multiple

intelligence of Howard Gardner.

Um There were eight of them.

There was a visual musical interpersonal, interpersonal, logical kinesthetic and

naturalist multiple intelligence.

Howard Gardner These tests were not done by pencil and

paper. Gardner states in his ted talk beyond wit and

grit, rethinking the keys to success that you need to

create an environment where you can watch people use or

not use their intelligence.

Is this is how Gardner felt was the best way

to test these intelligences.

Mhm. Multiple intelligent testing examples boost.

Were spatial students would put together and take apart puzzles

in music, participants would recreate melodies, linguistic.

It would show how people would learn new phrases and

new languages.

Fine motor testing was how to hold a specific object

like a pencil.

Uh naturalist.

Um Could students distinguish between the difference between using a

magnifying glass and they're naked eye when examining something numerical

was testing using like game boards and those um brain

mathematical kind of numeral kind of testing.

And then interpersonal was skills to see if people could

cheat, knowing that the other person knew less than they

did on the game.

Government involvement in testing.

There were several government acts created such as no child

left behind and the race to the top that were

put into place.

That made standardized testing a major focus in our country.

This pulled away from Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence testing.

The government's focus which the ideas of testing the whole

child to just a person's IQ.

This was due to the fact that like standardized testing

had more scientific evidence to back up its validity according

to the National Archive and administration.

The goals for race to the top or to improve

assessments, create more rigorous standards for schools, Turn around failing

schools through the increased emphasis on resources.

In addition, the act would support teachers and staff to

be more effective and better tracking methods for teachers and

students. Mhm.

Agent for Change Angela Duckworth's who is Angela Duckworth's?

You might ask.

Well she is a change agent in not only education

but psychology as well.

She is reforming how we assess students, looking at the

whole student their character as well as their I.

Q. Angela has accomplished many degrees throughout her educational career

according to dr Angela Duckworth's website, a new york times

bestseller. At the age of 18 she graduated Magna cum

laude from Harvard with a B.

A. in neurobiology.

Upon graduation, Duckworth's founded a summer school for low income

students. After a few years she decided to go back

to school to complete an MSC in neuroscience from Oxford

University. During her studies, Angela found that she needed to

work with students to be more effective in her field,

leading her into teaching.

She taught math and Science for about seven years in

multiple cities.

However, student Angela doesn't stop there.

She completed her PhD in Psychology as a National Science

Foundation graduate at the University of pennsylvania and is now

the ceo of the character lab dot org left teaching

and found of passion for positive psychology that studied students

character and student achievement.

Um Angela states I.

Q. Scores didn't explain everything about why individuals achieved more

than others.

They were not even particularly good at predicting something as

basic as the amount of education adolescent aged kids would

go on to attain.

Later in life, Angela started to see patterns in many

of her research studies with students who have passion and

perseverance over time this led um dot org to her

signature research of the topic of grit.

Angela. Duckworth's Agent for change.

The study of grit has been Duckworth's lifelong study ever

since she took Gardner's theory one step further.

In fact, while we were searching this, we found out

that she actually was a student of gardeners.

She is continuing to work and perfect her research every

day. Angela Duckworth's has written a best selling book titled

Grit. The Power and Passion of Perseverance.

Angela states that grid is defined as trait level, perseverance

and passion for long term goals.

Grit predicts achievement in challenging domains over and beyond measures

of talent.

In Angela's book Grit, the Power and passion of perseverance,

she created a theory of the psychology of achievement.

She said talent times effort equal skills, but skill times

effort equals achievement.

Duckworth's felt that student achievement wasn't based on talent, there

was much more to it.

After creating this theory, she created a grit scale to

measure how gritty you are through this research Duck worth

determined which individuals can maintain focus and interest and perseverance

in obtaining long term goals.

Yeah. Angela Duckworth's is still alive today and continues her

research on students passion and perseverance and finding better ways

to measure grit through her research, Angela states the direct

the direction I'm most excited about is the effect that

schools can have on kids.

We might not be able to make a family richer,

but maybe um we can make their kids grittier and

more self controlled.

Duckworth's is reforming schools in a way that most don't

dare to try.

You see measuring grit is part of measuring someone's character

and that comes with more questions on how to measure

such a thing as grit.

Data on grit is not black and white as it

is on ice cubes.

To I.

Q. Test.

Um We're excited about this bold pioneer that she's taken

taking on this task in um in her study of

grit she can make a difference for any for many

students. I think this um research is worth understanding and

applying in the classroom every day.

We should always be trying to progress forward and I

think Angela Duckworth's research and grit on this topic could

reform schools in a way that we've never seen before.

Lessons from the past.

When we look take a look back at the evolution

of assessments where it started and where we are today.

We can learn from our mistakes, learn from things that

worked and improve upon what our predecessors did before us.

All these theories built upon each other.

The government and its ability to affect our testing may

not have been necessary.

The government had a good intention of bettering our schools.

And the way to do this was by assessing a

possibly better way of determining how to assess is to

look forward towards different ideas and theories of what might

work. There is a tendency for teachers to teach towards

the test because they want higher scores for government grants.

Mm hmm.

The overall lesson is that there is a constant ebb

and flow on how we assess throughout history, how we

test moves forward and sometimes backwards.

But but the need to assess needs to be a

constant, forward move forward movement and that we need to

evaluate the best ways to assess students.

We believe that Angela Duckworth's is onto something.

It's not just a test, not just a and not

just a teacher, but the students that also play into

testing how much effort and grit they put into it

is what they will get out of it when the

government wants to use testing to judge its students and

teachers. We lose the purpose of why we test we

move backward because we are just trying to please everyone.

We are not learning from our theorists of the past,

so we are losing the focus of why we want

to assess.

That reason is to understand what our students know and

what they need to know.

Students are not just a number or a Nike.

Students are a combination of intelligences, grit and perseverance.

We're not doing anyone any favors to our students if

we do not evaluate and use what past theorists and

others have done to move forward.

Okay. These are references.

They do take a couple of pages and following them

is our annotated bibliography, which also will take a few

pages. Okay, I hope you enjoyed our assessments through time

and thank you so much for watching this.

Final Project-6410/Kramer

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