their colleagues, we called our presentation exploring translators at competencies

in academic texts as we currently feel an urgent need

to account for the competence of voice creation.

Let us start with both translation competencies involved.

The job of a professional translator necessitates the combination of

his or her knowledge, expertise and skills.

As the three of us are practicing translators and researchers

in translation studies and linguistics.

We are approached by a variety of translation tasks, from

the simple ones involving the basic competencies to most complex

ones demanding that the basic competencies are complemented by others.

We have decided to distinguish between core competencies and so

called edge competencies.

We understand core competencies in line with traditional discourse types.

We are aware of several tex economies and models in

the current Slovak and foreign translation studies literature, including the

S. O.

Known that delineates the competencies within the quality management of

translation services.

Others include the taxonomy is proposed by the authors in

the slide.

The inventory contains for example, communication competence, discursive, intercultural, strategic

research, interpretative, thematic technical pragmatic verification or transfer competencies.

Oh with new discuss types that automatically bring new functions.

Also new tasks are imposed on the translator.

Our recent experience has provided for two examples the project

documentation of european capital of culture and scholarly paper.

The core competencies are accompanied by so called edge competencies.

In the case of peacock project discourse, the translator is

supposed to create concepts and translate them alongside with traditional

translation process.

They need to come up with inter lingual and intra

lingual functional neologisms.

The commission imposes on the translator these roads translator, cultural

mediator, co author of the project identity.

Language creative ist language coach in translating the scholarly paper

discourse A translator need to incorporate and negotiate a particular

voice. So the edge competence of what's creation is needful.

We see an edge competence as an inter competence encompassing,

conceptualization, linguistic cultural and strategic competencies.

Our present focus is scholarly paper discourse and the competence

of voice creation.

Yeah, english is considered lingua franco science.

So the primary language of the academic contributions is english

saying. So we don't imply english used as a code

but also as bearer of writing conventions.

Most others intending to publish in english are not aware

of lingua cultural conventions of anglo american writing style and

suppose that it suffices to merely translate in the sense

of applying the language and translation competence.

However, the translated output should be modified according to the

linguistic and pragmatic distinctiveness of the target lingual culture.

So a translator has also to take up a role

of a linguistic creator and an intercultural mediator.

Why is it?

So the literature accounts for four major writing styles, anglo

Saxon Germanic gallic and nippon IQ.

They are geographically linked with, respectively UK and the USa

France, Germany and Japan.

In our previous research, we observed that based on the

similarities and differences, two major groups can be established anglo

Saxon and non anglo Saxon writing styles.

In the anglo Saxon or anglo american writing style stating

a research problem is a priority.

While theoretical information or parent information is backgrounded, the aim

is clearly stated at the very beginning.

The language is precise and specific so that real friendliness

is maintained.

The text is based on research problem statement in all

text types, empirical, theoretical conceptual in the non anglo Saxon

styles. It is by syriza.

The text is based on the literature review, theoretical information

and parent information is prioritized while research problem is backgrounded,

delayed or omitted.

The language is vague, generalizing and descriptive reader, friendliness is

not an issue.

And this was the launching pad for our research.

The present research is based on these prerequisites.

The three of us are practicing translators experienced in writing

academic papers published international.

The Research Corpus contains 20 papers submitted for translation to

the three of us.

The papers fell in the field of humanities and social

sciences. The authors were Slovak natives, nonprofessional users of english.

We follow the following research plan Out of the submitted

papers, we randomly selected 20 papers we carried out the

pre translation analysis consisting of semantic translation that provided us

with the mental tool kit, which enabled us to identify

translation problems.

Then we translated the papers opting for translation solutions that

would account for the target link for culture.

The last step was to do a meta analysis of

the translators competencies in order to identify macro and micro

stylistic conventions.

This analysis yielded four most common signals on the Anglo

Saxon vs Slovak writing styles clash pluralities of tories, the

rock nous, paragraph structure and multiple standpoints.

When conceptualizing author self presentation.

The typical feature of the Slovak academic text is so

called pluralist of tories or plural is modest year, which

means that pronoun we is used to refer to a

single author as illustrated in the example, they assumed function

of such usage is depersonalizing the research or backgrounding the

researcher and for grounding the research.

We may wonder is this supposed to represent some kind

of political correctness in academic discourse?

In the translation into english, we have to make a

shift in the mindset and use the pronoun I instead,

as in the anglo american lingual culture, the researcher blatantly

expresses responsibility for their research and also courage and assertiveness

to interact.

Yeah, The feature of Baroque Nas was first mentioned by

Homer Cola in the 1990s.

She provides illustration yet not its definition.

We understand it as too much of everything.

We define it through the following signals free thought repetition,

principal heading, artificial deliberateness and Matryoshka effect.

The present example is a literal translation of the text

by a prominent Slovak linguist.

The threefold repetition can be present in synonyms, paraphrases, dashes,

predicates attributes, etcetera.

Notice that the text in yellow is one sentence padding

is taken to represent micro statistic redundancy.

From the perspective of english, we have identified heading on

the level of a phrase, a part of a close,

a whole.

Close here you can see examples of padding on the

phrase level by artificial and deliberateness.

We mean pretentious language which is very popular monk.

Uh long established Plavix colors and by the term Matryoshka

effect. We call attention to the fact that the guest

is hidden in the barking language and more often than

not delayed until the end of the paper, in the

Slovak lingua cultural paragraph, inc is present in stylistics literature,

yet it is not adhered to in practice as we

have observed.

The example is illustrates disorderly approach to paragraph, inc whether

with regard to the number of paragraphs, structural paragraph, number

of topics and consequently in the underdevelopment or over development

of a paragraph in the anglo american writing style, strict

instructions on the internal structure of a paragraph.

Our paragraph ordering are followed.

The research shows that the Slovak mindset is such that

the paragraph arrangement is until for pursuing author's voice and

the length of a paragraph or separating an idea is

a means of emphasis for them.

So the unpredictability is almost inherent, which is in our

view, in contrast with the respectable leader and with the

responsibility for full information transfer.

Right? Yeah.

By multiple standpoints.

Women to notions multiple topics in a paper or even

in a paragraph and multiple reference authors.

In the first case there is no narrowing down.

The text is too general and vague.

In the 2nd case, No Noel perspective.

Our approach is present in the some papers it may

look like a spiral development of topics moving and coming

back. This is in sharp contrast with the anglo american

writing style, which prioritizes narrowing down identifying finish and presenting

new information.

The observed features require some text modification which can be

termed voice creation.

This can be understood as a competence as the translator

needs to be able to identify problems and pursue changes

to do so.

Mediation has to take place.

The translator needs to explain to the author that the

intended changes will make the text compatible with the target

lingual culture writing style while preserving the others voice so

the competence of voice creation is not attainable without negotiating

some paris, As the two may as well be in

the dialectical relationship.

One is not possible without the other.

We can claim that the research provided evidence for introducing

the edge competence of voice creation and for introducing the

need for paris negotiation as a complementary stage in the

translation process.

To ensure the pragmatics of translation, thank you for your

attention.

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