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JW
by Jessica Wietharn1 view·Updated Jan 6, 2022
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  1. Hey, if you're here, we are. Reading
  2. beneath the earth's surface on the Captain America. Reading all along
  3. early,
  4. scientists use evidence from volcanic eruptions to learn
  5. about what lies beneath the earth's surface.
  6. Over the past 100 years, scientists have learned more about earth's interior.
  7. Using technology and new methods for gathering data.
  8. For example,
  9. scientists have learned a lot from
  10. analyzing and interpreting data gathered from earthquakes
  11. during an earthquake.
  12. Energy is transmitted in all directions from the center of the earthquake.
  13. These are the waves that transmit energy as a
  14. result of an earthquake is called seismic waves.
  15. These are different types of.
  16. There are different types of seismic waves and
  17. they move through different materials at varying speeds.
  18. In general,
  19. seismic waves move faster through denser solids
  20. than they do through less dense solids.
  21. Not all types of seismic waves can travel through these liquids.
  22. Earth can travel through liquids.
  23. These different behaviors give scientists clues
  24. about the structure of earth's interior.
  25. Scientists use sys monitors to measure
  26. the seismic waves transmitted from earthquakes.
  27. By analyzing and comparing seismic wave data from the earthquake.
  28. Scientists have been able to determine the state,
  29. solid or liquid and the properties of material that make up the earth's interior.
  30. Scientists have used seismic wave data and other evidence to
  31. explain the earth has three main layers which you should know
  32. the crust, the mantle and the core.
  33. Okay, information about these layers are presented in the following table.
  34. So take a minute to check out that table.
  35. Go ahead and pause that and then play it. When you're done. Looking at the table.
  36. the crust is the outermost layer of the earth below earth's crust is the mantle.
  37. The mantle is about 3000 kilometers thick,
  38. which is just about the same distance from new york city to Denver colorado.
  39. Just as they are, just as land from New york city
  40. to colorado is not all the same, Neither is the mantle.
  41. The uppermost part of the mantle is relatively cold compared to what is beneath it.
  42. Thus, it remains in a hard solid state because of it being cold.
  43. Okay, because the mantle and the crust are solid,
  44. geologists refer to the combination of these
  45. hard solid layers as the latest sphere.
  46. Little
  47. with O means stone
  48. and greek.
  49. Mm hmm. So it's hard stone. Okay,
  50. The latest fear is approximately 100 km thick on average
  51. earth lettuce fear is broken into pieces of various sizes called lettuce.
  52. Fear plates also referred to as earth's plates.
  53. Places on the surface where two or more
  54. of earth's plates meet are called plate boundaries
  55. at plate boundaries, plates can move towards each other.
  56. They can move away from each other or they can slide past each other,
  57. volcanoes and earthquakes commonly appear on or near
  58. boundaries and are related to that motion.
  59. So we're going to talk more about that here in the next couple checklist.
  60. Okay,
  61. just below the latest fear between the depths of 100 100 km
  62. and 250 km lies a layer of the mantle called the Athena sphere
  63. um From greek where a means without and latino means strength, so without strength.
  64. Okay, so the Athena sphere is a layer of solid rock that can flow and change shape,
  65. mm hmm.
  66. This week in soft layer beneath the harder latest sphere allows
  67. the latest Fear plates to continuously move around very slowly.
  68. The movement of these little sphere plates and their interactions at plate
  69. boundaries leads to a pattern of earthquakes and volcanoes on earth surface.
  70. We're going to dive more into that soon.
  71. So one way the geologists study and monitor the latest fear
  72. plate movement is by using GPS technology data from the GPS stations
  73. fixed in the latest fear indicate the general direction of earth
  74. plates are moving as they shift on top of the weak,
  75. soft Athena sphere.
  76. The GPS data represented on the map below shows the direction
  77. and rate of plate movement in the Western United States.
  78. Um So you can kind of see when you're looking at this.
  79. I know your system black and white,
  80. but you can see several little arrows pointing um
  81. that kind of show the direction of that.
  82. Okay,
  83. So um go ahead and you guys are gonna work with sheets 8.2 and work through a through G.
  84. You need help come find me