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so we'll begin to talk about the Ukraine history from the very beginning.

So we'll see. Um, that, uh,

at first the Ukraine was a Greek, Roman and Byzantine colony,

but then in the Middle Ages said it became,

um it was divided between Islamic travel plans.

Uh, then, in a 988

Vladimir first adopted Christianity as its religion and

from this entity developed the KGB in Russia.

That is considered to be, um, the forerunner of the modern Russia.

Then in 12 49 they were the Mongol invasions.

Um, these Mongol invasions completely destroyed Kiev That was later on,

divided among various powers, uh, for centuries.

So the territory of Ukraine was divided in different regions, and it was,

um, under different, uh,

powers. So it was fragmented. It was not united as it was before

then, in 1917, the wars of the Bolshevik revolution that led to civil war.

Civil war broke out in the Ukraine, and, um,

it became one of the main theatre of

the conflict between the rights that were the Bolsheviks

and the whites that were the anti communist,

um, that were usually the czarist army. The czarist forces.

Um, Then when the reds, uh, won the civil war,

Ukraine became part of the Soviet Union in 1922.

Then

Ukraine gained its independence. Here we can see some pictures of the

Ukrainian independence in 1991.

Um, that it was due to the fact that the Soviet Union was collapsing.

So after the collapse of the Soviet Union, uh,

Ukraine again gained his independence, uh,

and had a succession of governments that were alternately,

um, pro Russian and then a pro European. So, um, it was a very,

um, conflict conflictual period, because there wasn't a very

it wasn't, um,

a unitary period with the same coherence of

governors of governments. It was a little bit, uh, fragmented in different eras.

Okay, here we can see the image of, uh, of the dominance of the dumbass,

the region of dumbass of Ukraine, that was invaded in 2000 and 14 by Russia.

So, um,

the Moscow inspired the militias proclaimed, uh, to pro Russian Republics, Um,

that were the Dansk and Lugansk regions that are located in these, uh,

mining mining area,

which is very important for economical

reasons for industrial and economical reasons.

um this area is, uh, mostly Russian speaking.

So there is a greater influence of Russian, uh, ethnicity in this, uh, in this area

after the occupation by Russian forces in 2000 and 14, uh,

situations proclaimed themselves as the independent Republics, um,

and have now been recognised and in practise, annexed by Russia.

Russia recognised that these, uh, regions as the independent Republics,

but it's tried also, Russia tried also to,

um, include them in, uh,

in her

region is there in her government.

And, uh, since then there, there has always been a low intensity war.

So our that didn't really caused many deaths, but it still

an important event to

we. We should remember.

Um, the Moscow Armed forces have also entered the region of Donbas.

However,

Ukraine considers these these two regions to be just temporarily

occupied and would like to regain control over these,

uh, these areas.

Um, and this was original,

also stipulated in the Minsk agreements between the two sides.

So between,

um, Ukraine and Russia.

So that's why Russia, uh, that's why Ukraine would like to, um,

gain control over these two areas again.

Yeah.

Okay, Now we're going to see another picture.

Okay, this picture instead shows how Putin's is, Um,

uh, the political situation in Europe.

So, um,

he believes that Russia needs to be protected with

a series of buffer states from the natural presence,

Uh, that is

located along its borders.

So, um, it is, uh,

kind of afraid of NATO and wants to

create a barrier between Russia and natural states.

Uh, even though NATO is a defensive lines, so it's, uh

it has no plans to threaten Russia.

Um, Anyways, uh,

NATO is reacting with the heavy economic sanctions against against Russia.

Um, and, uh,

Russia would also like to gain again

a global superpower in the international affairs

and would also like to rebuild the

Moscow's influence on the former Soviet Republics.

So, uh, this, uh, this picture we can see very clearly the intention of Putin too.

Create a barrier between these, uh, these two areas to, uh,

to be protected and to assure his, uh, his power in a certain area of the world.

Okay, Now we're going to see instead the perspective that, uh,

philosopher has about this situation, so the philosophy is cold.

Um, Audrey. Mockery chit.

Okay. Uh, this philosopher expresses the fact that

the war between Russia and Ukraine is mainly also provoked by, um,

two different perspective on power.

So we're going to see, um,

which the difference which are the main

differences between Russia and the Ukraine.

So they have very, very different perspectives.

Because Russia, um, is more, uh,

kind of a totalitarian and authoritarian kind of country.

Instead, Ukraine is much more similar to the western countries.

So we're going to see here the differences.

Russia has mainly a military force projection.

Uh, the power is mainly a projection of, um,

of military force.

So it is, um, it's aim is to destroy, kill and sometimes even intimidate, uh,

instead of Ukraine.

Um

uh, in Ukraine, power is normative,

so it is based on shared principles and

rules and multilateral institutions that sustained them.

So, um, we can see that Russia sees as the weaknesses um, the main values of Europe.

So the main values that you created after the collapse of the Soviet Union after the

the Second World War after the Second World War

and Russia has a different perspective on these values.

So, for example, um, the rejection of power, geopolitics uh, the repudiation, uh,

national egoism.

The transformation of sovereignty is into

consensual mechanism of decision making.

These are all values that are very important for,

um, European countries for Western countries that instead Russia,

Russia sees as the weaknesses as inability, uh, to act politically.

Um,

even the Putin says that European Union has sacrificed in

the national interest for the sake of super national institutions.

And that's wrong in his opinion.

Um, so the Kremlin disregards at all the, uh,

the European Union as the international players.

So, um,

Russia has symbolically erase the view from its geopolitical vision, Uh,

of the world.

So here we can really

see clearly that there are two opposite visions of power and, uh um, sovereignty,

uh, is just, uh

okay. We'll never come together. There will never be a balance between these two.

Probably. And that's why there is such a strong fight

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