Demographic change

Okay, so welcome to this video.

So, what I'm going to be going through is the

demographic change in data.

So when we talk about sociology, there's different data and

things that the government look at.

Public Health, England will look at.

And it's linked to all the different things that we're

going to talk about now.

So the first thing we're going to talk about is

demographic change.

So when we look at demographic change, the government would

sort of used to look at things like natural change

in the population.

So things like birth rates and death rates, um, looking

at things like migration.

So immigration and immigration, people leaving and coming into the

country. But as times developed, they're starting to look at

more things.

So the overall size of the population, The age structure.

So how many people are over retirement age?

How many Children are needed to be supported?

So one of the things that we've had quite recently

that you might be aware of is the census.

Um, and the census as well is helping to look

at all of these kind of things.

So the most recent census, apart from the one we've

just done this year was back in 2001, and it

was one of the first times where we started to

see the number of elderly people outweighing the number of

younger Children.

We see changes in household numbers and how size numbers

as well.

Um There's also changes of things with people with disabilities,

mental health problems, these things of all kind of developed

in a lot more recognized um and looking at any

sort of differences in levels of health and ill health.

So are there certain parts of the country where there

is more ill health, such as like cities or busy

areas as opposed to kind of more rural areas, for

example, and there's lots of different things that they look

at and want to consider.

So this is the kind of the first part of

it. Okay, and then what we're going to be looking

at is the difference of things when we talk about

birth rate.

So birth rates have gone up, there's times where birth

rates will drop and there's not necessarily Pinpointed reasons as

to why that might happen.

Um so, like I said, in the 2001 census, there

were fewer Children under the age of 16, um compared

to people over the age of 65, where that's something

that hasn't necessarily been seen before.

So that although we can't necessarily pinpoint why there might

be drops in birth rates, there's lots of different things

within society And changes that happened that can influence it.

So, for example, the availability of reliable contraception for women.

So this came into play firstly in the sort of

late 50s, but it was only available to married women,

so birth rates were hiked, there wasn't contraception and things

like that.

So when that started coming into play in the late

1960s, that was then available to all women, whether they

were married or not, that obviously gave more control, I

suppose, in people who wanted or didn't want to have

Children. Um there's also a big change, I think towards

women's roles in society.

So within the first part of sociology, we spoke about

feminism, we spoke about gender inequalities, so pay gaps and

all of those things that we spoke about, um, times

are changing a lot and women are in a lot

more high powered jobs or want to pursue careers more

than sort of going back to maybe the fifties, sixties,

seventies where women tended to be more stay at home

moms would have the Children look after the Children.

Now women are pursuing much more of their own careers,

so for that reason, they may want to have smaller

families, they may have Children later in life and then

kind of would have been the norms of 30, 40,

50 years ago.

Um Many families will have smaller families, the less amount

of Children there as well because of economic reasons or

because they want to enjoy a higher standard of living,

so by just having one or two Children um that's

going to, you know, in terms of finance or whether

it's because of maternity leave and the money that people

lose during that times, if you've got a women in

the family who is for example the main breadwinner, then

potentially you know, them going on maternity leave could have

an impact in all of those kind of things.

And also then we've got the development of the welfare

state, so this means that, you know, people aren't having

to rely on having lots of Children to make sure

that they are being looked after and in fact they,

you know, we have that welfare system in place in

order to look after our elderly as well.

So times have changed.

I'm currently researching my own family tree and looking back

sort of great grandparents, great great grandparents and so on.

It was quite common for them to have 789 10

plus Children.

Um So it's it's interesting to see how that's changed

and how kind of as you start to come down

the generations, that does seem to be reducing a lot

more. Um There's also different, so one of the bits

we're going to look onto now is death rates as

well, and this is something that has changed in many

ways again, when looking through my family train going back

Um to sort of the early 1900s, late 1800s and

so on.

You do see a lot of Children that they're dying

at a young age, so either at birth or under

kind of the age of one or two.

So these things all have an impact on our changing

massively. Um The other reasons why our death rates are

reducing and our life expectancy is is increasing.

Um is things like improved living standards.

So people are not living in overcrowded accommodation.

Um they've not got, you know, too many mouths to

feed. So that's sort of more financially stable, not in

all circumstances, but in some um improved diet.

So having more education about our diet and what is

good for us and what we should be doing.

Introduction of immunization programs again in the 50s and 60

started to get immunizations for things like measles, polio, rubella

and all of those things obviously going to help reduce

the spread of infections, especially when we look at sort

of more areas of poverty or overpopulation.

So if anyone's a fan of the show is called

the Midwives, It's based in popular, which was a really

sort of overcrowded and under deprived area in London.

And you see you know, really crowded households with one

or two bedrooms and sort of mom, dad and 56789

Children. Um so in those kind of situations if there

was infections or infectious diseases that would be kind of

the hub for spreading them and kind of our hygiene

in our facilities, you know we all have hot water

in our house, we can clean, we can wash, wash

our hands again, all those kind of differences in our

circumstance help um improve social care for vulnerable people.

So if we've got people who are frail elderly have

disabilities and or mental health problems, then our social care

services there and has improved to be able to help

those people to live kind of a better quality of

life till the end.

We also, as you know, as we watched the video

on the introduction of the NHS in 1948 so actually

having health care that was free at point of delivery

and then available to everybody.

That's obviously had a big difference um improved in our

health education programs.

So we're going to talk about that in a little

minute as well and improve medical knowledge.

So things that we know That can help us stay

healthier or how to treat illnesses as well.

So treatments and medication have come a long way from

where they were for 40, 50, 60 years ago as

well. Um then we're gonna look at life expectancy.

So a little bit like I said with the education

programs. So back in 2000 and 14 and 2000 and

15, public Health England and the NHS worked together to

create education programs.

So public Health England or an organization that look at.

So they work with the government and all sorts of

different bodies in which they look at information data to

see what, what needs to be done to make our

public healthier.

So to make the nation healthier, you have heard of

Public Health England a lot during the covid pandemic.

And obviously if you think about that, they look at,

when you think about sort of localized lockdowns that we

had, it's looking at the data where infection rates are

high, where are people more vulnerable.

And then all of that will have helped shape, kind

of the pattern we have taken.

So some of the education programs that they have looked

at in order to reduce premature death, which helps with

that life expectancy.

So things like obesity.

So I said about the healthier eating, there's lots of

health campaign such as Change for life.

So to look at how to reduce our sugar intake,

we've got things like traffic, right systems on food.

So we know what foods, you know if they're read

that they contain a lot of sugars or salts and

things like that.

So all of these things have started to come into

play to help us be a healthier nation.

Is there still issues with that?

Yes. Um one of the things you looked at in

terms of social class that people living in poverty tend

to kind of not eat the healthier diet.

So things like your organic vegetables and fruit which are

better for us, um, you know, they do come at

a cost, and sometimes, um, you know, there's an element

of that.

You might want to be thinking about that within analysis

of how that impacts in reality alcohol consumption.

So the increase in alcohol consumption, um tobacco smoking, so

again, we now know more about alcohol and smoking and

the impact it can have on our diet.

Um, so on our health rather, and life expectancy and

diseases that can lead to, such as liver failure, cancer,

among many other things as well.

Um and things like diabetes, knowing how to manage that

and improve things like diabetes as well.

Um, so migration, so with migration, we look at sort

of three things.

We've got immigration, which is where people are then moving

from their home country to somewhere else to make that

their home immigration is then where people are going from

their home country to make home somewhere else.

And the net migration is the difference between those things.

So migration is important to know in terms of our

demographic information because we need to know the size of

the population, like we said before, even though we have

people who come to live in the UK, uh, immigrate

to the UK.

There's equally the same amount of people that emigrate.

And I think that's something that's increased a lot with

people moving away for work and jobs.

It's a lot easier to move to different countries as

well. Is something that increased a lot when we had

the introduction of the EU because that allowed freedom of

travel and movement around other EU countries.

So people from sort of spain France, Germany etcetera, etcetera,

you know, there's many brits that go and emigrates France,

spain, Portugal or whatever and then vice versa.

Um so coming to work here and live here and

the other way around.

So migration does have an impact on those demographic changes

because it's not just looking at the birth and death

rate. We have to look at all the things in

between as well.

And then finally things like family and household size.

So this is something that the government look at within

statistics and this is something that would be looked at

with things like the census where you have to log,

I don't know if any of you were involved in

doing the census in the last couple of months when

it was out, but things like, um, they look at

householders, is it a married couple with or without Children?

Is a civil partnership or cohabiting couple with or without

Children or a lone parent with at least one child.

So that's kind of the household statistics.

They look at, why are all these things important?

Well, they're important to know about what we're going to

look at next.

So how does having this information help us within knowing

about our health care services and social care services where

we need things where we're missing things.

If you've got data on family, household size and you

can see that in, let's just say Bhambri, the majority

of households are married couples or civil partnerships with no

Children, then potentially the number of Children in that area

could be quite low.

Maybe the age of people who are older is higher.

Again, the kind of services that would need to be

provided would need to be considered.

So this is where all of this comes into play,

and we're going to continue to look at it through

parts of this unit as well.

Okay, so all of this information is on a low

in the section below, so you can go through some

of the things I've spoken about as well to help

you.

Demographic change

Chapters

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