Traumatic Brain Injuries

Hello. So I did my presentation on traumatic brain injuries.

So I chose this topic because through our undergrad

courses, I have been interested in

neuroscience and the brain

specifically on how injuries and illnesses can affect speech and language

down the road.

I want to help those with traumatic brain injuries and

strokes because it is something that has always interested me

and my grandfather actually had a

Major stroke I want to say about two or three years ago

and because of that, he has some symptoms of,

of asia like

under like knowing what words he wants to

say but can't particularly put them into a sentence.

And he also has a slight stutter.

So seeing through his frustration that he deals with almost every day

and other people trying to

finish his sentences for him and stuff like that,

I just want to be able to help those who have this issue on a day to day basis.

So first I'm going to talk about what exactly a traumatic brain injury is.

It usually results from a violent jolt or blow to the head or body

an object that goes through the brain tissue can also

the case of a traumatic brain injury.

So,

some statistics for you is approximately 1.5

million Americans survive traumatic brain injuries each year

And about 230,000 are hospitalized for their condition.

And next, I'm going to talk about the two ways a brain injury can happen.

So first is a closed brain injury,

which is a non penetrating injury to the brain with no break in the skull.

It's a rapid forward and backwards motion

and shaking of the brain inside the bony skull

which can then result in bruising and tearing of brain tissue and blood vessels.

So too I feel like are the most common

examples of this are car accidents

and when you're constantly getting jolted around

another

is sports primarily football.

When you're constantly just getting

blows to the head and things like that.

And other sports are obviously involved as well. But that's

the most common for head injuries.

The second is a penetrating brain injury

which is an open head injury

that happens when there is a break in the skull.

And next I'm going to talk about the different types and diagnoses of

T. V. I. S.

So a mild traumatic brain injury has symptoms such as loss of consciousness

and this can be from a few seconds to a few minutes.

Other symptoms. Our headaches, nausea, problems with speech

difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much.

The other is a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

which is similar to a mild TBI. I accept the symbols are more extensive

so you can have a loss of consciousness for

minutes to hours to days.

There is

more persistent headaches.

Um There's more

nausea and a lot of vomiting.

Um There was also

the

problem of sleeping too much and not being able to wake up

as well as dilation of one or both peoples in your eyes.

So different ways to diagnose. These

are the Glasgow coma scale,

which I will talk about in a few minutes.

A CT scan which quickly visualizes fractures and can

uncover evidence of bleeding in the brain which is hemorrhaging

hematomas which are also blood clots,

bruised brain tissue and brain swelling.

There's also a M. R. I. Scan

which uses powerful radio waves and magnetism to create

a detailed view of your brain for all of

the healthcare professionals to try and figure out what's

going on so they can help you almost immediately.

And there's also a intracranial pressure monitor that I will also talk about.

So first is the intracranial pressure monitor which is

there's an image of it too,

am I right?

This is used for tissue swelling from a traumatic brain injury

which can increase pressure inside of the skull and cause additional damage.

So doctors may insert this probe

through the skull to monitor that pressure going on inside your brain,

mm hmm.

Next is

cT scans.

So on the top is a

normal healthy

cT scan of the brain.

The images below

All three of them are

a blunt head injury with a distressed depressed skull fracture,

complex, Mallia facial fractures,

subdural hematoma and hemorrhagic contusions

And these are actually taken from a 19 year old man who

was assaulted with a baseball bat following a road rage accident.

Next I'm going to talk about the Glasgow coma scale.

So this is

primary what I feel first responders would use

First assessing a scene. It is a 15 point scale

checking the individual's ability

to follow directions

and move their eyes and limbs

is to check, used to check the severity of the brain injury

and it gives all the points

below and how they would score it whenever giving

this assessment out.

So next I'm going to be talking about the possible results of a brain injury

firstly, I'll talk about the cognitive deficits that can happen which are

a coma

just most severe.

There can be some confusion,

short attention span,

memory problems and the loss of

their sense of time and space.

Next our motor deficits

which can result in paralysis or weakness,

poor balance,

spasticity,

swelling problems and poor coordination.

Next is perception or sensory deficits

which is changes in your five sentence. So sight, smell,

taste, touch and hearing

as well as left or right side of your body neglect.

Next I have communication and language deficits

which are

the inability to

formulate your words together.

Um Different types of age. I can help with this and you also have a

decreased vocabulary.

Next our functional deficits

which is the impaired ability to do daily tasks. So

bathing yourself, dressing,

feeding anything of that nature,

you also have problems with organization

and the inability to drive a car.

Some social deficits

are the impaired social capacities such as interpersonal relationships

and difficulty making and keeping friends

following. This is regulatory disturbances.

So these are um

things such as fatigue

changes in your sleep patterns and your eating habits,

constant dizziness or headaches,

and lastly, our personality or psychiatric changes.

What are things such as apathy,

decreased motivation, everyday

tasks,

emotional ability,

irritability

and anxiety and depression.

Next I will talk about the possible complications

from a traumatic brain injury.

This consists of

a coma, which is when

there is widespread damage to the brain.

After a few days or weeks, a person may wake up from this or go into a vegetative state.

The vegetative state is,

it is possible for this to become permanent,

but individuals often progress to a minimally conscious state.

The minimally conscious state is

a state of severely altered consciousness.

However, the individual

we'll have some self awareness and awareness of their surroundings.

Finally, there is locked in syndrome, which I think is the most

traumatic I feel like or scary.

So this is when a person is aware of their surroundings

and they're awake inside of their body,

but they cannot speak or move.

So the only way that this individual has the ability to communicate with anyone

is through eye blinking

or movement of their eyes.

Next I will talk about speech and language.

So damage to the frontal lobe can lead to discharge area,

which is

when our ability to speak is affected because we lose control of

the muscles that are involved in speech.

So it can affect the range of motion

of our lips

and tongue,

which therefore

limit the number of clearly defined

sounds that we can make.

I can also lead to problems of controlling airflow

from our loans,

leading to slurred speech

and problems controlling volume and our tone of voice.

There's also

an individual may develop where Nikki's aphasia,

which is

the difficulty we have understanding words

as well as the difficulty categorizing

or naming objects that they see or anything they can think of.

So now I'll go into more detail about speech therapy,

post traumatic brain injury.

So the problem with this is that there are specific therapy strategies depending on

the severity of the injury and what parts of your brain are most affected.

So

firstly I would talk about patients with discharge area.

So these patients may

slur their words

and speech sounds maybe

too slow or weeks, they sound like they're mumbling whenever they speak.

So, an S LPS objectives are

to develop the patient's speech coherence

and rehabilitation

may include exercises to

regulate lip and tongue coordination,

increased breath support,

improve muscle power in the mouth,

jaw, tongue and throat.

Mhm.

Secondly,

there is patients with aphasia.

So this is where there's trouble voicing sounds and syllables

as well as knowing what words they want to say,

but they cannot sequence them properly,

kind of what I talked about earlier with my grandfather.

So the slp s objectives are

two

find different ways for these individuals to communicate.

And this is done through

three

technical

um

activities

or different accommodations. They can make this individual.

So the first is a no tech

approach

which

involves signaling and pointing.

The second is a low tech approach which is where an

individual will use pen and paper sometimes to get across their thoughts

or a way board or other images.

The last is high tech which is for most severe,

which is using a A. C. Device.

So

they will have an ipad or a computer handy at all times

with different images with words on them

and that will be their new way of communicating.

Next is improving memory.

So memory is very important for

speech and communication

and

an S. O. P.

Will frequently introduce

memory support and support for language skills and

this uses things such as a memory log,

having the patient keep a schedule or calendars to improve their memory,

which will then develop competency as well as communication skills.

Next is

social language skills,

which is the need to learn nonverbal signs such as body

language as well as

the ability to react to a typical conversation.

So S LPS will work in smaller groups to work on facial expressions.

I contact and gestures to improve communication.

Lastly

the cognitive communication skills

are the need to acquire skills for planning and composing their thoughts

and S LPS will put together a

plan integrating

Traumatic Brain Injuries

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