AP Biology Final

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by Olivia Weinstein3 views·Updated Dec 16, 2021
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  1. in today's Ted Ed video.
  2. We're going to review CRISPR blindness and the ethics that's surrounding CRISPR.
  3. Okay,
  4. so what is CRISPR and how does it work?
  5. CRISPR stands for Clustered,
  6. regularly interspersed short palindrome IQ repeats and the term crisper and
  7. CRISPR cas Nine are usually tossed around together and are synonymous,
  8. and a CRISPR is a segment of DNA containing short repetitions of base sequences.
  9. And Chris Piers were first discovered in Arcadia and
  10. serve as a part of the bacterial immune system.
  11. And the system serves as a genetic memory that helps us sell,
  12. detect and destroy bacteria faces when they return
  13. and a bacterial face. It's a virus that infects and replaces
  14. replicates within bacteria.
  15. So how does it work?
  16. The CAS nine protein, which is one of the enzymes produced by the CRISPR System,
  17. and Guide RNA,
  18. which is a single strand of RNA that forms a T shape compromise of one teacher loop.
  19. It's engineered to have a five,
  20. and that is complementary to the target DNA sequence.
  21. Interact to form a complex that can target specific sequences of DNA
  22. and guide RNA binds to the CAS nine protein induces a confirmation.
  23. All change in the protein, converting it into an active form.
  24. And this changes induced by weak binding between side chains and RNA bases.
  25. The activated CAS nine protein searches for
  26. target DNA by binding with the sequences.
  27. That match is Prospector Adjacent Motive,
  28. also known as Pam,
  29. which is a 23 base sequence within one nucleotide downstream of the target.
  30. Complementary to the guide RNA
  31. when the CAS nine protein finds a
  32. potential target sequence with the appropriate Pam,
  33. the protein will melt the bases upstream of the Pam and
  34. pair them with a complimentary region on the guide RNA.
  35. So how is crisp or a therapy for blindness?
  36. So Liber congenital neurosis Type 10 is a rare inherited eye disorder
  37. that is caused by a point mutation and the C E.
  38. P. Two gene
  39. 29 18.
  40. This mutation is caused by change the DNA that inhibits
  41. the CP to 90 gene to make the complete protein.
  42. The absence of ACP to 90 protein affects the survival of light.
  43. Sensing cells also noticed photo receptors,
  44. a needle syringes used to inject the CRISPR enzyme
  45. in nucleic acids directly into the back of the eye
  46. into the retina and near the photoreceptors.
  47. So, um, with CRISPR, there's a lot of ethical questions that arise,
  48. and this has to do with germline cells and somatic cells.
  49. So somatic cells or body cells and changes made to
  50. these cells are not passed on to the future generations.
  51. And therefore there's no controversy surrounding this type of gene editing.
  52. Um, Germans cells, however,
  53. or give me dick cells and changes made to these cells
  54. are passed on to future generations and therefore yield ethical implications
  55. implications such as can unborn baby consent to changes to the DNA.
  56. And for this reason, germline editing is illegal in many countries.
  57. Mhm.