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Dean Slavin

ANT-221-E25

Spring 2022

Drugs and Alcohol

in

Native American Community's

Thesis:

American Indians and Alaska Natives

(AI/ANs) have some of the highest rates of substance use compared with other ethnic groups, causing the incarcerations of Native Americans to be high and is affecting the youth in these tribes. How does the Native American drug and alcohol problem compare to the rest of America and what is being done to attack this problem?

Thesis

Drugs and Alcohol:

Drugs & Alcohol

Data that has been collected over time has indicate that American Indians and Alaska Natives have the highest rates for use of marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens, and non-medical use of psychotherapeutics compared to other ethnic groups, (Young, Joe, 2009).

DRUG Problem

DRUGS

  • A study that was done with 267 Native American college students showed that, 31% of them used marijuana and 22% used another illicit drug in the past year, while 34% were current smokers, (Greenfield et al., 2018). No significant difference was found between native americans and non NA's.
  • In a study done from 2013-2015 they found:
  • "Mortality rates among American Indian and Alaskan Indian were 2.7 and 4.1 times higher than rates among whites for total drug and opioid-involved overdoses and heroin-involved overdoses, respectively"(Weiser et al, 2018).

Alcohol Problem:

  • "American Indians-Alaska Natives nevertheless have the highest alcohol-related mortality rates and rates of substance use and dependence of all ethnic groups" (Young, Joe, 2009).
  • The same 267 students also stated that, Sixty-five percent of drank in the past month and 41% had a binge drinking episode", (Greenfield et al., 2018). No significant difference was found between native americans and non NA's.
  • A study that was done with Alaskan Natives showed that 77% of respondents said that alcohol was or either still is a problem for them, (MIGNON, HOLMES, 2013).

Alcohol

Fetal alcohol syndrome

"FAS"

  • "Prenatal exposure to alcohol is one of the leading preventable causes of birth defects, mental retardation" (Peterson et al, 2002).
  • "Native American background are about 10 times higher compared with those with a predominant middle upper socioeconomic status and Caucasian background" (Peterson et al, 2002).

Why is this happening?

Why?

  • An American Community Survey done in 2010 showed that 28.4% of Native Americans lived in poverty, unlike where only 15.3% of all people other people living in the United States, (MIGNON, HOLMES, 2013).
  • "In 2010, the median income was $35,062 for Native American households compared with $50,046 for all U.S. household" (MIGNON, HOLMES, 2013).
  • This factor is a huge reason why they are having this issue.

Comparing native american drug problem to United State's drug problem:

Americas drug

Problem

  • When it came to Alcohol Use/Binge Drinking, a study showed that, “Americans aged 12-17 had used alcohol and 19.5 % used illicit drugs in the past year. White, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Mixed-Race individuals generally have higher drinking rates than do African or Asian Americans,” (Chen et al, 2012) This study is older and would somewhat contradict the newer study.
  • "More recent research suggests Native American students have similar substance use patterns relative to general college samples. Collapsing across four waves from 200-plus campuses in the College Alcohol Study."(Greenfield et al., 2018)
  • After doing my research and reading many article I found that many of them were focused on the younger population of Native Americans and what there alcohol/drug problem is.
  • I also found that not many programs are in place to help the younger population. The few programs that native Americans will run into are programs through their schools or colleges. Many not getting help until they get arrested or sick.

What is being

done?

Community

involvement:

In the (Hawkins et al, 2004) articular community involvement was talked about and how many of these community's take an universal approach to help with their drug problems. We need to take an approach were we help small groups of people and not such a large verity. be more personable and not so robotic because not everyone have the same problems. " Epidemiological data indicate that the level of substance use problems experienced by this population is endemic, need for effective prevention and treatment services is paramount" (Hawkins et al, 2004).

Honoring Ancient Wisdom and Knowledge

The HAWK2

Program:

  • "Is aimed at young Native children in elementary school. Uses engaging multimedia features such as games, animations, and video clips to impart substance abuse prevention knowledge and skills training," (Raghupathy, Lea, 2012)
  • This program is helping the development of skills in both mainstream and Native cultures.

Final

thoughts

After completing my research I do belive that some Native Americans have some kind of addiction to either drugs or alcohol. I do also feel that more could be done to help these people. It's also sad to read about how young these kids are when they get addicted. I do think that their addictions rate arent crazy high compared to the rest of the United States.

Citations

Citations

Chen, Hsing-Jung, Sundari Balan, and Rumi Kato Price. "Association of Contextual Factors with Drug Use and Binge Drinking among White, Native American, and Mixed-Race Adolescents in the General Population." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41, no. 11 (2012): 1426-441.

Greenfield, Brenna L, Kamilla L Venner, J. Scott Tonigan, Monika Honeyestewa, Homer Hubbell, and Dorothea Bluehorse. "Low Rates of Alcohol and Tobacco Use, Strong Cultural Ties for Native American College Students in the Southwest." Addictive Behaviors 82 (2018): 122-28.

Hawkins, Elizabeth H, Lillian H Cummins, and G. Alan Marlatt. "Preventing Substance Abuse in American Indian and Alaska Native Youth." Psychological Bulletin 130, no. 2 (2004): 304-23.

Mignon, Sylvia I., and William M. Holmes. "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues Within Native American Grandparenting Families." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 12, no. 3 (2013): 210-27.

Peterson, Sara, Gale Berkowitz, Courtney Uhler Cart, and Claire Brindis. "Native American Women in Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 13, no. 3 (2002): 360-78.

Raghupathy, Shobana, and April Lea Go Forth. "The HAWK2Program: A Computer-Based Drug Prevention Intervention for Native American Youth." The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 38, no. 5 (2012): 461-67.

Weiser, Thomas, Sujata Joshi, and Victoria Warren-Mears. "Drug, Opioid-Involved, and Heroin-Involved Overdose Deaths Among American Indians and Alaska Natives — Washington, 1999–2015." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67, no. 50 (2018): 1384-387.

Young, Robert S., and Jennie R. Joe. "Some Thoughts About the Epidemiology of

Alcohol and Drug Use Among American Indian/Alaska Native Populations." Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 8, no. 3 (2009): 223-41.

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