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Transcript: Re-use of materials The 3R Reduce - to buy less and use less. Reuse - elements of the discarded item are used again Recycle - discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products. To reuse is to use an item more than once. This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function, and new-life reuse where it is used for a different function Advantages Disadvantages Comparison to recycling Recycling differs from reuse in that it breaks down the item into raw materials which are then used to make new items, as opposed to reusing the intact item. Advantages & disadvantages Reuse often requires cleaning or transport, which have environmental costs. Some items, such as freon appliances or infant auto seats, could be hazardous or less energy efficient as they continue to be used. Reusable products need to be more durable than single-use products, and hence require more material per item. This is particularly significant if only a small proportion of the reusable products are in fact reused. Sorting and preparing items for reuse takes time, which is inconvenient for consumers and costs money for businesses. Energy and raw materials savings as replacing many single use products with one reusable one reduces the number that need to be manufactured. Reduced disposal needs and costs. Refurbishment can bring sophisticated, sustainable, well paid jobs to underdeveloped economies. Cost savings for business and consumers as a reusable product is often cheaper than the many single use products it replaces. Some older items were better handcrafted and appreciate in value.

Materials Presentation

Transcript: Insulation Thermal Sound Electrical Boat hulls Mats Orthopedic casts Car bodies Surfboards Skis (The Pink Panther) In 1870, John Player made the first finely woven glass fiber (Breach) In 1893, a dress was made from fiberglass cloth for the World's Fair (Breach) In 1938, Russell Games Slayter of Owens-Corning invented the Fiberglas and used it as home insulation (Fibreglass) Breach, Emily. "History of Fiberglass Insulation." Ehow. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.ehow.com/ about_5479476_history-fiberglass-insulation.html>. "E-Glass Fiber, Generic." MatWeb. MatWeb, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://matweb.com/search/ datasheet.aspx?MatGUID=d9c18047c49147a2a7c0b0bb1743e812>. "Fiberglass Casting Tape." Shuangwei Biotechnology China. Shuangwei Biotechnology, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.orthopedic-casting-tapes.com/ Multi-Color-Orthopaedic-Fiberglass-Casting-Tapes_28.html>. "Fiberglass Cloths." US Composites. U.S. Composites, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.uscomposites.com/cloth.html>. "Fibreglass." Pro Boat Clean. Pro Boat Clean, n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.proboatclean.com/Article2.htm>. Petersen, Christian. "What Are the Different Types of Fiberglass Materials?" Ed. "Fiberglass." Red Orbit. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.redorbit.com/ education/reference_library/general-2/inventions/2583670/fiberglass/>. "Fiberglass." Red Orbit. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.redorbit.com/ education/reference_library/general-2/inventions/2583670/fiberglass/>. "100% Polyester Pongee/Dewspo Fabric." HWTC. Hi. World Trade Center, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.hiwtc.com/products/ 100-polyester-pongee-dewspo-fabric-393763-21683.htm>. "Polyester Resins." US Composites. US Composites, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.uscomposites.com/polyesters.html>. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Unreinforced. Matweb. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://matweb.com/search/ DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=a696bdcdff6f41dd98f8eec3599eaa20>. The RePET repolymerization process. Libolon. Libolon, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.libolon.com/recycled-polyester-1.html>. Woodhurst, Natalie. "The Health and Safety of Polyester Fabric." Live Strong. Demand Media, 16 Jan. 2014. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.livestrong.com/ article/495333-the-health-and-safety-of-polyester-fabric/>. Balloons (East Coast Discounts) Casting Tape Raw Materials Silica Sand Limestone Soda Ash History Jacket History Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Thermoplastic polymer resin (Geddes) Textile Synthetic Quick Drying Resilient Resistant to biological damage (McMahon) (Team Waterproof Jacket) E-glass used commonly (Fiberglass) Polyester fabric may cause rashes to some (Woodhurst) Polyester fabric has a melting point of 500 degrees Fahrenheit (Woodhurst) Professor Fredrick S. vom Saal, a professor of biology at the University of Missouri, recommends to not reuse plastic bottles if they're not intended to be reused (Kovacs) Cost Bathtub (Fiberglass) Health Warnings Fiberglass (MatWeb) (Fiberglass) Polyester (MatWeb) Enviromental Impact (Shepard) (Shepard) (MatWeb) Reduce lung function Inflammation Skin, eye, and throat irritation (American Lung Association) Use protective measures Gloves Goggles Dust mask Long sleeved clothing (Geddes) How it's Manufactured (The RePET repolymerization process) Work Cited In 1941, British chemists John Whinfield and James Dickson created a polyester fiber called Terylene with the research of W.H. Carothers, who invented nylon. (Krapp) In 1946, du Pont purchased the right to produce this polyester fiber in the United States. In 1951, they created a fiber called, Dacron (Krapp) Today, there are two primary types of polyester: PET (polyethylene terephthalate) PCDT (poly-1, 4-cyclohexylene-dimethylene terephthalate) (Krapp) How Fiberglass is Used (Matweb) Sustainable No pollution Fiberglass insulation cuts energy consumption (AAMA) Does not degrade E-Glass Fiber, Generic Environmental Impact "Fiberglass." American Lung Association. American Lung Association, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.lung.org/healthy-air/home/resources/ fiberglass.html>. "GREEN AND SUSTAINABILITY." American Architectural Manufacturers Association. AAMA, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.aamanet.org/general/1/435/ green-and-sustainability>. Holladay, Martin. "Buyer's Guide to Insulation: Batts." Fine Home Building. Taunton, n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.finehomebuilding.com/ tool-guide/articles/insulation-batts.aspx>. Shepard, Laurel M. "How Products Are Made." Madehow. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Fiberglass.html>. Susan Barwick. Wisegeek. Conjecture, n.d. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.wisegeek.com/ what-are-the-different-types-of-fiberglass-materials.htm>. "Squeaking fiberglass bathtub." All Surface Renew. N.p., 16 June 2011. Web. 4 May 2014. <http://www.allsurfacerenew.com/blog/ repairing-a-squeaky-bathtub/olympus-digital-camera-2>. "The Pink Panther™ Breaks Silence: Identifies Biggest Energy Consumer." MultiVU.

Materials Presentation

Transcript: Caitlin Boyland, Sam Cook, Becca Anstee & Rachel Tyler Good conductors have low values of resistivity Good insulators have high values.. The strength of polymers are low in comparison to other materials. ABS is tougher than other plug materials. UF = thermoset. Stronger and stiffer than ABS The heat comes from the current, drawn by the appliance and resistance of the conductor. A firm fit is needed as the plug will be removed from the socket many times during its life time. The pins are made of nickel plated brass. Brass is an alloy of copper, so it has a higher strength than the pure metal. The materials with the lowest values of resistivity are aluminum, brass, copper and gold. All these are conductors in practice. USB metal Injection moulding is commonly used in mass production of thermoplastics; -> high production rates -> dimensional accuracy -> quality of finish Possible use Aluminium or Copper for the plug pins since they are more conductive despite being a little more expensive - they would last longer However, they are more difficult to work with.. The information on the casing was not available from Apple though we deduced it was likely to be ABS.. Advantages & Disadvantages? References.. Complex 3D shape = injection moulding Must hold pins securely and protect conducting parts. The cable sheath is manufactured from PVC; -> Insulation -> Durability ->Value -> Lifespan Disadvantages? Nylon could be used for the plug casing... And one more thing... Thank you for your attention! Viable Alternatives The USB The Plug and USB Casing Manufacture - The Plug and USB casing They must not overheat..apple states it has 0-35 degree operating temperature so as it will not be a fire hazard. ABS, Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, is used for the one piece moulded plugs The plug is sealed by ultrasonic welding What are the common problems? http://store.apple.com/uk/product/MB706B/B#overview http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ABS_resin_formula.PNG http://www.nickelinstitute.org/NickelUseInSociety/MaterialsSelectionAndUse/Electronics http://www.ehow.com/info_8332551_power-plugs.html http://www.materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/plug/non_IE/page5.html OCR Design and Technology for A Level. J. Grundy, D. Hallam, M. Hopkinson and S. McCarthy Making It: Manufacturing Techniques for Product Design. C. Lefteri http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/plug/non_IE/page5.html A Level Product Design. B. Evans and W. Potts Design and Realisation. C. Chapman and M. Peace http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iiGlq7408ME http://www.ides.com/info/generics/1/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene-ABS http://www.gopolymers.com/plastic-types/abs-plastic.html Why did Apple use these materials? Process not dissimilar to extrusion though with brass instead of polymer The process that follows is known as forging.. Mains lead doubles as a USB charger... Built in obsolescence should be eliminated from the Apple design process... Parts Within The Plug.. Plug & Components Manufacture - Cable Sheath Apple iPhone Charger Conductors and Insulators, Pins, Fuse, Cable Wires, Plug Body, Cable Cover, Wire Covers, Pin Cover, Fuse Body.. Requirements for the Pins.. Casing The Cable Sheath is manufactured through extrusion. The Plug Pins

MATERIALS PRESENTATION

Transcript: To carry/transport laptop without damaging it. Protection against water/spillages or impact/shock damage. Make the laptop easier to carry/hold. Long strap to allow the user to have their hands free, particularly useful if carrying other bags or items. STAGE TWO. MATERIAL: PVC COATED FABRIC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE COATED POLYESTER) ADVANTAGES; Durability and Life span. Multiple forms, ranging from soft to hard. Colour eco friendly easy to process cost effective DISADVANTAGES; oil (the 43% bit) usage acounts for 0.3% of global oil consumption Over time, the plasticisers added to the polymer come to the surface of the coating. How was it manufactured? How was it manufactured? Material(s) used and its Properties: Advantages: Heat resistance chemical resistance Good resistance to Solvents, Formaldehyde and Alcohols Very strong It stretches and can then regain it’s original shape Shiny colour/transparency Can be moulded Tear resistance Machine Washable Durability machinable impact resistant Low friction levels Available in many forms. Disadvantages: Limited resistance to acids Requires energy to extract and form the hydrocarbons colour will fade How was it manufactured? STAGE THREE. ...New design objective... no cost limit? more consideration to the aesthetic? different market/demographic? Constraints and Objectives ABS: Advantages: Properties can be manipulated Can be combined with other materials Can be processed using many methods. good impact resistance. Good resistance to change in temperature. Good resistance to stains. electrical insulator. Additional Objectives: Select material with good tensile strength properties. Select material with good flexural strength properties. Select material with suitable elastic properties. Main Bag Additional Objectives: Colour? Weight of the laptop and accesories? MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS (outlined in stage one). STAGE ONE. What materials will satisfy this redesign? Nylon 6 Thanks! Select material with high strength to weight ratio or a material with low density. select material resistant to water damage and corrosion. Select material that keeps its shape and is rigid and stiff enough to do so. Select material that is strong enough to satisfy constraints. Select material with appropriate/desired aesthetics. Select material with lowest price that satisfies constraints. Material Properties: [soft] PVC b Processing methods: Injection molding Temp is usually between 20-60oC High injection speed needed. cost effective. Extrusion Temp between 240 and 270oC. Typically used for: Bearings, gears, curtain rail fittings, luggage, sports equipment and clothing Constraints and Objectives. Additional Constraints: Desirable optical properties. Tensile strength. ? Material(s) used and its properties. OVERALL CHOICE Clips WHY WAS POLYPROPELENE CHOSEN FOR THIS COMPONENT? Additional Constraints: Must have good flexural strength to withstand constant clipping on and off. Must have good tensile strength. Requires elastic qualities so that it will not deform with regular use. Disadvantages: Poor resistance to weathering. burn easily Poor heat resistance. Poor transparency Affected by strong acids Can suffer stress cracking Denisty - Water Absorbtion - 2.9% Tensile Strength - 6.4x10*3 MPa Elongation - 25% Flexural Strength - Max Continuous use Temperature - 79C yeild strength - 10-25 MPa tensile strength - 2.6 N/mm*2 flexural strength - ... density - 1190 - 1280 kg/m*3 ..another source.. 1.38g/cm*3 cost effectiveness - good, low cost chemical resistance - dilute acid ++++ dilute alkali ++++ oil and greases +++ aliphatic hydrocarbons ++++ aromatic hydrocarbons + Halogenated hydrocarbons ++ Alcohols +++ water absorbtion - 0.2% [good resistance] impact resistance - low Abrasion resistance - some Aestetics - wide range of pigments available max continuous use temperature - 60*c Compromises? http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=eb7a78f5948d481c9493a67f0d089646 http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=08fb0f47ef7e454fbf7092517b2264b2&ckck=1 http://www.omnexus.com/tc/polymerselector/polymerprofiles.aspx?id=324&us=0&tab=4 http://www.omnexus.coma/tc/polymerselector/polymerprofiles.aspx?or=sel&id=248&tab=3&us=0 http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/materialsdb/default.html#Polypropylene http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/default.html http://www.tangram.co.uk/TI-Polymer-ABS.html http://www.tangram.co.uk/TI-Polymer-PP.html www.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyvinyl_chloride#phthalate_plasticisers www.matbase.com/material/polymers/commodity/soft-pvc/properties www.plasticmouldings.ca/polymers/pvc.htm www.bpf.co.uk/plastipedia/polymers/pvc.aspx References: http://compreviews.about.com/od/buyers/a/Laptop-Size-and-Weight-Guide.htm http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite/interactive_charts/strength-toughness/basic.html

Materials Presentation

Transcript: Covalent bonding Aluminium is a Corrosion Resistant metal because it has a thin layer of Aluminium Oxide on the outer side, it prevents it from reacting with air. Aluminium has a high tensile strength from 70MPa-700MPa. Has a good electrical and thermal conductor. Strong and lightweight compared to gold and steel. Cost Criteria Thank you for watching CHOICE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Design Criteria Chemical Bonding In Materials & Choice of Engineering Materials Availability Criteria The remaining "ions" also have twice the charge (if you are going to use this particular view of the metal bond) and so there will be more attraction between "ions" and "sea". This would happen between two metals. Aluminium is a recyclable Material Aluminium is easy to find due to its ores found in the rocks There is enough Aluminium in the World to last at least another 100 years without recycling the old and used pieces of Aluminium Covalent bonding occurs when neither atom has sufficient strength to remove the other atom's electron. They would instead share electrons to form stable configurations of electrons. This forms between two non-metals Hydrogen and chlorine can each form one covalent bond, oxygen two bonds, nitrogen three, while carbon can form four bonds Metallic Aluminium compared with Copper and Steel has a lower price. Aluminium has a low maintenance cost due to the high resistance to corrosion. Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding formed when one atom has sufficient strength of attraction to remove ion from the other atom. This happens between a non metal and metal.

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