How can we create social change? 
Can we create social change?
create
change
How
What are the tools or vehicles that drive social change?
What is needed to influence and spark social change?  
Education?
  Technology? 
[Perhaps]
We need a combination of all these.
[and likely others, too.]
Music and the Arts?
Media and pop culture?
keywords
1900
1877
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2010
1945
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1877 - Thomas Edison invents the phonograph
The very first playable recording is made as Edison records 'Mary Had a Little Lamb' on December 24th.
Edison would later recieve a posthumously awarded Grammy award in recognition that his invention sparked an entire industry.
1945
1944
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1917
1915
The 'JUKEBOX' is invented.
Though not yet called Jukeboxes, these coin operated phonograph players replaced the earlier unamplified 'nickel-in-the-slot' machines, and allowed users to choose from a selection of records.
1889: The first 'nickel-in-the-slot' phonograph player is installed at the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco.  It becomes an overnight sensation and its popularity spreads around the world.  
This precursor to the jukebox was constructed by the Pacific Phonograph Company.  Stethoscope-like tubes were attached to an Edison Class M electric phonograph fitted inside an oak cabinet. The tubes operated individually, each being activated by the insertion of a coin, meaning that four different listeners could be plugged in to the same song simultaneously.
First Jazz Record Released in the United States
1922
The words "ROCK" and "ROLL" appear on record for the first time, on Trixie Smith's "My Man Rocks Me With One Steady Roll."
ROCK
ROLL
Clear evidence of the origins of the terms rock and roll which are rooted in 'black slang' for sexual intercourse.
1929
The first 78 rpm records are introduced; mostly of jazz music, but also of early rhythm and blues, or 'race' music.
1931
the invention of the
ELECTRIC GUITAR
Adolph Rickenbacker  creates the Rickenbacker 'Frying Pan', a lap-steel guitar with an electromagnetic pickup in which a current passed through a coil of wire wrapped around a magnet.  This created a field that amplified the strings vibrations.
the Rickenbacker 'Frying Pan'
SOCIETY
JAZZ
1938
Big Joe Turner and pianist Pete Johnson kickstart a national jump music, or 'boogie woogie' craze; A blend of swing and R&B music, it is often considered a precursor to Rock and Roll music.
ROBERT JOHNSON
1936-37
Legendary Delta-bluesman Robert Johnson, often called the king of the delta blues singers, only records in two sessions, one in 1936, and the other in 1937.
1939-45
               World War II
1945
Les Paul invents echo delay, multi-track recording, etc.
1946
Delta bluesman Muddy Waters cuts the first electric blues record in Chicago
Muddy Waters' Electric Blues
1945
1944
1943
1942
1941
1940
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
formed by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson in New York.
Atlantic Records
Leonard and Phil Chess begin work with Aristocrat Records, which by 1950, would become the famous Chess Records in Chicago.
Chess Records
King Records
the Cincinnati label, originally recording hillbilly music, begins to record R&B music
Rocket '88
Several important recording companies form and begin to focus on
R & B, or 'Race', music
The song was recorded by Sam Phillips at the Memphis Recording Service, and the recording was released on the Chess/Checker record label in Chicago, in 1951.
What most notable music historians consider the first rock and roll record: "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and  Ike Turner is recorded.
An early contender for the title of 
'first Rock and Roll record'
Roy Brown's jump/R & B crossover
Good Rockin' Tonight
is recorded and released by King Records in Ohio.
The song is a primer of sorts on the popular black music of the era, making lyrical reference to Sweet Lorraine, Sioux City Sue, Sweet Georgia Brown, Caldonia, Elder Brown, and Deacon Jones. All of these characters had figured prominently in previous hit songs.
Electric guitar takes hold of the blues,
and is featured on recordings by T-Bone Walker, John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters
Invention of the Fender Bass
Electic Bass Guitar
THE BIRTH OF      ROCK MUSIC
Rock and Roll Music originates, evolving from combinations of its roots in a variety of American music forms, primarily delta blues music, rhythm & blues ['race' music], country music, folk music, gospel music, jump blues, and even jazz music.  An early precursor to rock and roll was rockabilly, which combined country [hillbilly] music with influence from jazz, folk, and gospel music. 
Most rock historians credit the late 1940s and early 1950s as the time that Rock and Roll originated, however there is much dispute about what is considered the first rock and roll recording.  Some condenders are Roy Brown's "Good Rockin' Tonight" from 1947, Fats Domino's "Fat Man" from 1951, or Jackie Brenston and Ike Turner's "Rocket 88" from 1951.
The migration of many freed slaves and their descendants to major urban centers like New Orleans and Memphis in the south and north to New York City, Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland and Buffalo meant that black and white residents were living in close proximity in larger numbers than ever before, and as a result heard each other's music and even began to emulate each other's fashions.
Rock and roll arrived at time of considerable technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone, and the 45 rpm record.
The transatlantic slave trade, was the trading, primarily of African people, to the colonies of the New World that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean.  It lasted from the16th to the 19th centuries.  Most enslaved people were shipped from West Africa and Central Africa and taken to North and South America to labor on sugar, coffee, cocoa and cotton plantations, in gold and silver mines, in rice fields, or in houses to work as servants.
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
Jump Blues
Delta Blues
    Migration  into the cities.
1914-1919
Fats Domino records "The Fat Man", a contender for the title of first rock and roll recording.
Bill Haley & The Saddleman record "Rock the Joint", which is considered to be the first 'rock' song recorded by a white man.
Electric Blues
The term
Rhythm & Blues
replaces the negative label
'Race Records'
on the Billboard music charts
WDIA Radio in Memphis hires the first black DJ in 1949, and the station begins playing Rhythm & Blues music to an audience of white and black Americans.
RCA creates cheaper 45 rpm records to replace 78s.  
RCA also creates and markets an inexpensive ($12.96) record player.
Columbia Records begins to release cheap 12" 331/3 rpm vinyl records.
The Record industry begins to find a significant market in a younger audience.
DJ ALAN FREED
In 1951,
begins his "Moondog" radio show, playing only R & B music to a greater white audience than ever before.
In 1952,
Alan Freed puts on the first ever 'Rock Show' of live Rock and Roll music in Cleveland, Ohio.
Due primarily to the racial tensions at the event, a full scale riot ensues, further contributing to the 'rebel' image of rock and roll music.
A signature 'trend' of Rock and Roll music begins as white men begin to record songs previously made successful by black musicians on 'Race Music' charts.
1955-59:  Rock 'n' Roll becomes the fastest growing music style of all time.
Encyclopedia Britanica describes Rock 'n' Roll music in racist terms as
'Jungle Music'
Radio 'black balling' occurs
In a counter-reaction, many communities call for a complete ban on "Rock 'n' Roll".
R & B music begins to cross-over onto pop charts
There is a growing interest and sales in R & B records with young white audiences.
Counter Reaction
First 'Gold' Record
Elvis Presley's "Hard-Headed Woman' is the first record ever to reach gold certification.
The Power Chord
Link Wray, Eddie Cochran invent the
which is first prominently featured on their records of 1958.
Elvis Presley
records 
"That's All Right Mamma"
Not only does the recording establish and begin Elvis' unprescedented recording career, 
the song is also a perfect example of the trend of young white men creating hit records on the pop charts by covering black vocal groups and R & B singers.
designs the 'classic' Les Paul guitar for Gibson.
Bill Haley & the Comets' "Rock Around the Clock" becomes the first Rock 'n' Roll record to top #1 on the pop charts.
Clyde McPhatter & the Drifters release "Honey Love" and "Such a Night" and the Midnighters "Sexy Ways"
Sexually Explicit Songs
become big hits on US charts.
Bill Haley & the Comets' "Crazy Man Crazy" becomes the first white Rock 'n' Roll hit, reaching #13 on the pop charts.
Feedback
is invented by the 
Johnny Burnette Rock 'n' Roll Trio on their record "The Train Kept a Rollin'".
World War I
Leo Fender
creates the Fender Broadcaster, the first 'solid body guitar'.
Les Paul
Elvis Presley has 5 #1 hits in 7 months.
recorded for Paramount Records in 1930
Son House 
A 1930's southern 'Juke Joint'
Charlie Patton
Records fourteen titles for Paramount Records in 1929
Music and the Arts
Social Culture
At the begining of this project, I sought to find concrete examples
of how the arts, particularly rock music, has had shaping effects upon 
the greater social culture of which they are a part.
Some concrete examples do exist, however, what I have found
is that there is more of a symbiotic relation between the arts 
and social culture than there is a cause/effect relationship.
While mapping out events and examples in this time-line, I discovered that
it was often very difficult to determine whether individual events fit on the 
'music' side of the line, or on the 'society' side of the line.  Moreover, it was 
sometimes impossible to conclude which was the cause and which the effect.
This timeline demonstrates that the relationship between social culture and the arts is a very complicated symbiotic relationship of interwoven exchanges of cause and effect, much like a continuous feedback loop. 
Symbiotic relation of interwoven continuous feedback
Technology
The history of Rock 'n' Roll music is deeply steeped in root forms of american music, including southern blues, R & B [rhythm and blues], jazz, boogie woogie and jump blues, and other forms of music associated with black americans.  The development of these roots and the evolution of rock music parallels (continuously influencing and being influenced by) cultural shifts towards the acceptance of blacks in society.  The story of rock and roll is also the story of African Americans breaking free of racial opression.  It is also the story of shifting moral values, evolving freedom of speech and sexual liberation of the North American culture.
In 1939, BMI [Broadcast Music Inc.] was established as competition for ASCAP, which had dominated the music-licensing industries for over two decades.  BMI was the first performing rights organization in the United States to represent songwriters of blues, country, jazz, rhythm and blues, gospel, folk, Latin, and—ultimately—rock and roll. 
1861-1865
American Civil War
Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America or CSA (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states.
1865
13th Amendment passes, permanently outlawing slavery
15th Amendment passes, 
1870
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 
1866
Ku Klux Klan founded
1876
Alexander Graham Bell invents the first working
TELEPHONE
1879
Thomas A. Edison invents the first working
Light Bulb
1928
Mississippi John Hurt records a definitive version of the song 'Stagger Lee'
a popular blues folk song based on the murder of William "Billy" Lyons by Stagger Lee Shelton in 1895.
1895
Lee Shelton 'Stag Lee' , an African American taxi driver and pimp is  convicted of murdering William "Billy" Lyons on Christmas Eve, 1895 in St. Louis, Missouri. The crime was immortalized in a popular song that has been recorded by numerous artists.
Stagger Lee becomes an archetype, the embodiment of a tough black man—one who is sly, streetwise, cool, lawless, amoral, potentially violent, and who defies white authority.
No American folktale has spread so thoroughly into so many music traditions as “Stagger Lee.”
50 Million
1906
The Pure Food and Drug Act required that certain specified drugs, including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. 
Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective. For example, an attempt to outlaw Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content as well as its cocaine content.
1908
The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became popular. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American.
Ford Model T
1915
The Birth of a Nation was the highest-grossing film of its day, and is noted for  provoking great controversy and for promoting white supremacy and positively portraying the "knights" (male members) of the Ku Klux Klan as heroes.
When the film was shown, riots broke out in Boston, Philadelphia and other major cities. Chicago, Denver, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Pittsburgh and St. Louis refused to allow the film to open. 
The film's inflammatory character was a catalyst for gangs of whites to attack blacks. In Lafayette, Indiana, after seeing the movie, a white man murdered a black teenager.
U.S. enters WWI in 1917
1919
The 18th Amendment
establishes the era of prohibition in the U.S.
The Nineteenth Amendment: prohibits each state and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's sex
Women's Right to Vote
first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit
First Radio Programs
       Broadcast
first college radio station began broadcasting on October 14, 1920, from Union College, NY
2ADD airs the first public entertainment broadcast in the United States, a series of Thursday night concerts
commercial radio broadcasts included not only news and music, but dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other forms of entertainment, becoming widespread in the 1920s and 30s
1954, the Regency company introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1
The Great Depression
begins in1929
Main 'threads' of social culture:
War
The American Revolution; The War of 1812; Mexican-American War; Spanish-American War; The Civil War; World War I; World War II; The Korean War; The Vietnam War; Desert Storm; The War on Iraq
Technological
  Innovation
The invention of the phonograph; the record; the telephone; the light bulb; the jukebox; the microphone; the television; the automobile; the electric guitar; the amplifier; the electic bass . . .
 Racial Tension
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade; the 13th & 15th Amendments & the abolishment of slavery; the rise of the Ku Klux Klan; migration of slave-trade workers; 'race music'; riots . . .
   Sexual Revolution
The first motion picture with sound is released, ushering in the era of 'Talkies' and nearly ending the era of silent films.
1927
The Dust  Bowl
or Dirty Thirties
                 1947 
Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier in baseball.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Education
Education
Visual Arts
                    1969 
    Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin walk on the moon.
John F. Kennedy is assassinated, 1963
                 1963
March on Washington; Martin Luther King, Jr. 
"I have a dream" speech.
Detroit race riot (1967); "long hot summer" (1967)
1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Congress in the United States since Reconstruction. 
President Eisenhower Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957 
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public ("public accommodations").
American Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X meet for for the first and only time in March of 1964 at a Senate debate on the Civil Rights bill that was put to Congress by President Kennedy in June of '63 before his assassination.
Presedent Lyndon Johnson shakes hands with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. after signing in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
John F. Kennedy addresses the nation about Civil Rights on June 11, 1963
The Civil Rights Act
         of 1960
established federal inspection of local voter registration polls and introduced penalties for anyone who obstructed someone's attempt to register to vote or actually vote.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
         is assassinated.
1968
1964
The Civic Rights Bill of 1964 aims to put an end to Segregation in Schools (or any public institution).
1954
Supreme Court declared school segregation unconstitutional and paved the way for the civil rights achievements of the 1960s.
of Topeka, Kansas
1939
Abel Meerpool, a Jewish schoolteacher from the Bronx, to publish a poem titled "Strange Fruit" under the pen name Lewis Allen. Meerpool/Allen later set the song to music, and it was first performed by the jazz singer Billie Holiday at Cafe Society in New York's Greenwich Village in 1939. The song became one of her most popular recordings and her signature closing number; it also became an anthem of the antilynching movement. Many critics still consider Holiday's rendition of "Strange Fruit" to be one of the most powerful, understated commentaries on prejudice ever committed to music.
1955
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks, a Montgomery, Alabama seamstress, refuses to give up her seat on the bus a Caucasian passenger and is subsequently arrested and fined. The Montgomery bus boycott follows, giving impetus to the Civil Rights Movement. A year later, in the case of Browder v. Gale, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that segregated seating on buses unconstitutional.
1965 - 
Watts Riots
The US Department of Education is created in order to help states establish effective school systems.
1867
1913 - Edward Lee Thorndike's book,  Educational Psychology: The Psychology of Learning, is published. It describes his theory that human learning involves habit formation, or connections between stimuli (or situations as Thorndike preferred to call them) and responses  (Connectionism). He believes that such connections are strengthened by repetition ("Law of Exercise") and achieving satisfying consequences ("Law of Effect"). These ideas, which contradict traditional faculty psychology and mental discipline, come to dominate American educational psychology for much of the Twentieth Century and greatly influence American educational practice.
1916 - John Dewey's  Democracy and Education. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education is published. Dewey's views help advance the ideas of the  "progressive education movement." An outgrowth of the progressive political movement, progressive education seeks to make schools more effective agents of democracy. 
 1919 - The Progressive Education Association is founded with the goal of reforming  American education.

1919 - All states have laws providing funds for transporting children to school. 
1929 -  Jean Piaget's The Child's Conception of the World is published. His theory of cognitive development becomes an important influence in American developmental psychology and education.
Educational Psychology
and Connectionism
1913
Progressive Education
John Dewey
Cognitive Development Theory
1926 - The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is first administered. It is based on the  Army Alpha test. 
John Scopes, a high school biology teacher, is charged with the heinous crime of teaching evolution. The trial ends in Scopes' conviction. The  evolution versus  creationism controversy persists  to this day.
1925
The U.S. economy is devastated. Public education funding suffers greatly, resulting in school closings, teacher layoffs, and lower salaries.
The Great Depression
In 1909 Ella Flagg Young was appointed superintendant of Chicago schools. She was one of the first women to hold this position in a large city. In 1910, she became the first women president of the National Education Association (NAEA). She established teacher's councils and held meetings encouraging teachers to participate in policy and curriculum decisions, which led to the formation of the Chicago Teachers' Federation (CFT). Ella encouraged democratic school reform by attempting to abolish conservative administrative control that fueled conflicts between teachers and school boards. [Larissa Goldstein, Spring 2002]
SATs & Standardized Testing
Alvarez vs. the Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove (California) School District becomes the first successful school desegregation court case in the United States, as the local court forbids the school district from placing Mexican-American children in a separate "Americanization" school. 
School Desegregation
1938 - Ladislas & Georg Biro patent the ballpoint pen.
The U.S. enters  World War II after the Japanese attack  Pearl Harbor on December 7. During the next four years, much of the country's resources go to the war effort. Education is put on the back burner as many young men quit school to enlist; schools are faced with personnel problems as teachers and other employees enlist, are drafted, or leave to work in defense plants; school construction is put on hold.
1944 - The G.I. Bill officially known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, is signed by FDR on June 22. Some 7.8 million World War II veterans take advantage of the GI Bill during the seven years benefits are offered. More than two-million attend colleges or universities, nearly doubling the college population. About 238,000 become teachers. Because the law provides the same opportunity to every veteran, regardless of background, the long-standing tradition that a college education was only for the wealthy is broken.
The G.I. Bill 1944
1946 - In the landmark court case of Mendez vs. Westminster and the California Board of Education, the U. S. District Court in Los Angeles rules that educating children of Mexican descent in separate facilities is unconstitutional, thus prohibiting segregation in California schools and setting an important precedent for Brown vs. Board of Education.
School Desegregation
Post-Impressionism  
       & Pointillism
Civil Rights  
  Activism
Expressionism
Cubism
Surrealism
Abstract Expressionism
Pop Art
Expressionism
French Impressionism 
1900
1877
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
The French Impressionist painting movement of the 1870s, 80s, and 90s kick-starts  an era of art that is refered to as                                 (1880-1945).
(1870s-1890s)
MODERNISM
Modern Art forms like Impressionism eventually become extremely popular, completely over-shadowing many of the styles of the 
PRE-MODERN ERA such as Romanticism, Neo-Classicism, Baroque and other visual art forms that had a heavy emphasis on realism.
Monet's painting '                                             ' was displayed during the first independent art show of the Impressionists (who were not yet known by that name).  
Impression, Sunrise
1874
This painting, from 1872, captures a style of painting that Monet had been developing scince 1864 in which he used very loose brush strokes that suggest rather than delineate the subject of the painting.
Impressionism was a response to the new science of photography.

It was a reaction against the traditional values of the established 'art world'.


1885
Developments in Photography
Eastman Kodak developed the first flexible photographic film in 1885.

Before this the camera (invented in the 1840's) used expensive and cumbersome glass plates.

Creating photographs became even more poplular as cameras become less complicated and less expensive.
Boulevard du Temple, Paris, 1838, by Daguerre (the first picture of a person). The image shows a busy street, but because exposure time was more than ten minutes, the traffic was moving too much to appear. The exception is the man at the bottom left, who stood still getting his boots polished long enough to show.
L’Atelier de l'artiste. An 1837 daguerreotype by Daguerre.
An early camera model from 1887.
1892: popular music becomes big business and music publishers rent offices around 28th Street in New York City, "Tin Pan Alley" 
The peak of growth and success of the first wave of Rock 'N' Roll music.
Symbiotic relation of interwoven continuous feedback
(~1880-1900)
(~1890-1920)
(~1907-1914)
Der Blaue Reiter
An explosion of colour, emotion, and expression:
Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Edvard Munch, Kathe Kollwitz, Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Franz Marc, Ernst Ludwid Kirchner, Paul Klee, Gustav Kimt and many, many others.
Bauhaus
(1919 - 1930s)
(1920s - 1940s)
(~1945 - 1960s)
(1960s)
Fauvist Expressionism (Fauvism) 
(~1900 - 1920)
1896: the first "ragtime" record is cut.
Ragtime (alternately spelled Ragged-time) is an original musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918. Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or "ragged", rhythm.  It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano.
2000: the population of the USA is 280 million and the most populated state is California with over 30 million people.
1900: the USA's population is 76 million 
1901: the first record by an African-American musician is cut.
1907: Leo Baekeland invents the first plastic ("bakelite")  
1880: The USA's population reaches
1910: the NAACP is founded to protect the rights of African Americans 
1912: the first 'Rhythm and Blues' record is cut.
1913: John Rockefeller is worth $212 billion, 1/44th of the USA economy, and establishes the Rockefeller Foundation "to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the world"

1913: 2% of USA citizens control 60% of the national product (Morgan and Rockefeller alone control 20%) 
1914: Marcus Garvey founds the "Universal Negro Improvement Association" 
1914: 
The Federal income tax is introduced.
1920: 
The US population is 105 million. 
1916: 
for the first time a woman is elected to the US Congress (Jeannette Rankin) 
1919: the USA overtakes Europe as total industrial output 
1924: 
three million USA citizens are members of the "Ku Klux Klan" 
1927: sales of "race records" reach $100 million
1927: 
Philo Farnsworth invents the 
                in San Francisco.
television
1929: 
there are 10 million radios in the USA 
1930:
The population of the USA is 120 million.
1931: Canada declares its independence
1933: 
FM radio broadcasting is born (Edwin Armstrong).
1933: the first stereo records are produced.
1934: 
Wurlitzer introduces multiple-selection juke boxes. 
1934: Laurens Hammond invents the Hammond organ. 
1945: the USA drops two atomic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) and World War II ends 
1946: 
the US population is 133 million.
1950: 
the US population is 152 million.
The 'Baby Boom'
1951: first color TV transmissions 
The sitcom "I Love Lucy" debuts on television 
1952: African-American activist Malcom X joins the "Nation of Islam", becoming the head of the New York City mosque
1957: Little Rock, Arkansas is the site of a racial confrontation after black kids are forbidden to enter a high school.
1957: 4.5 million babies are born in the USA, the highest number in its history.
1958: the USA's gross national product is 50% of the world's national product.
1958: RCA introduces the first stereo long-playing records (LP's or albums).
1960: The US population is 179 million, with 70% living in cities. 
1960: Inspired by Gandhi, black students including Ella Baker and Stokely Carmichael found the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to fight for civil rights.
1962: the audio cassette is introduced, which becomes the most popular music format over a decade later.
1962: Helen Gurley Brown publishes "Sex and the Single Girl", defending a woman's right to have sex for pleasure. 
1964: 
Cable TV is deployed in USA cities.
1965: African-American leader Malcolm X is assassinated at a rally by members of the "Nation of Islam"
The first "Summer of Love" of the hippies in San Francisco.

Psychedelic rock comes out of of San Francisco's hippie culture. 
1966
1967:
The US population hits  200 million mark.
1967: sixteen states still refused to recognize mixed-race marriages. 
1968: The hypertext system FRESS created by Andries van Dam at Brown University for the IBM 360 introduces the "undo" feature!
1968: 520,000 USA troops are in Vietnam.
1969: Between 300,000 - 1,000,000 young people attend the Woodstock festival of rock music.
1969: A large public demonstration marches on Washington to demand an end to the Vietnam war.
Jimi Hendrix dies of an overdose.
1970: The US population is 203 million.
1973: the USA, defeated, leaves Vietnam after killing close to 2 million civilians and 1 million soldiers, and losing 58,000 men.
Punk-Rock and New-Wave come out of New York's alternative music scene.
1972 -  Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972   becomes law. Though many people associate this law only with girl's and women's participation in sports, Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex in all aspects of education.   
1974 - Federal Judge Arthur Garrity orders busing of African American students to predominantly white schools in order to achieve racial integration of public schools in Boston, MA.  White parents protest, particularly in South Boston.
1972 - The Indian Education Act becomes law and establishes "a comprehensive approach to meeting the unique needs of American Indian and Alaska Native students" 
1969 - Herbert R. Kohl's book,  The Open Classroom, helps to promote  open education, an approach emphasizing student-centered classrooms and active, holistic learning. The conservative back-to-the-basics movement of the  1970s begins at least partially as a backlash against open education.
1968 - Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm, an African American educator, becomes the first African American woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress. Four years later, she becomes the first woman of any race to seek her party's presidential nomination. 
1966  -  Jerome Bruner's  Toward a Theory of Instruction is published. His views regarding learning help to popularize the cognitive learning theory as an alternative to behaviorism. 
1957 - The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit the Earth. Occurring in the midst of the Cold War, it represents both a potential threat to American national security as well as a blow to national pride.

1958 - At least partially because of Sputnik, science and science education become important concerns in the U.S., resulting in the passage of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) which authorizes increased funding for scientific research and science education.
1870-1910
Period of assimilation where the
clear objective of both missionaries and government was to assimilate Aboriginal children into the lower fringes of mainstream society.
1920:
Compulsory attendance for all children ages 7-15 years. Children were forcibly taken from their families by priests, Indian agents and police officers. 
1979: There were still 12 residential schools in Canada with 1,899 students.
1996 - The last federally run residential school, the Gordon Residential School, closes in Saskatchewan.
1972: Rosemary Brown of Vancouver, British Columbia, becomes the first Black woman elected to a provincial legislature in Canada.
1963 Leonard Braithwaite is elected to the Ontario legislature, and is the first Black to serve in a provincial legislature in Canada. 
1952 First television stations in Canada begin broadcasting in Montreal (Sept. 6) and Toronto (Sept. 8).
1951: Mid-century census records Canada's population as 14 million.
1946 Carrie Best, of New Glasgow, Nova Scotia, starts publishing a newspaper called The Clarion. Later its name changes to The Negro Citizen. It continues publication for 10 years. As a publisher and writer, Carrie Best shows that Blacks are often not treated fairly in Nova Scotia. She shows how they are not served on restaurants, and kept out of theatres. 
1939: Canada enters World War II after remaining neutral for 1 week.
1917: Canadian Income tax is introduced by the federal government as a "temporary wartime measure."
1914: Canada automatically enters First World War when Britain declares war on Germany (August 4).

1909: Black farmers from Oklahoma start settling into Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
1900: Federal immigration policy entices Eastern Europeans to Canadian West.
Canadian population is 4.3 million.
Canadian population is 5.3 million.
Canadian population is 8.7 million.
Canadian Population is 21.5 million.
Canadian Population is 31 Million.
was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology (also known as Jungian psychology). Jung's approach to psychology has been influential in the field of depth psychology and in countercultural movements across the globe. He emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, religion and philosophy. 
Carl Gustav Jung
Sigmund Freud
was a Jewish-Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic field of psychiatry.  Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as for his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. 
Originators of Psychoanalytic Research and Theory
Surrealism is a style in which fantastical visual imagery from the subconscious mind is used with no intention of making the work logically comprehensible. Founded by Andre Breton in 1924, it was a primarily European movement that attracted many members of the chaotic Dada movement. It was similar in some elements to the mystical 19th-century Symbolist movement, but was deeply influenced by the psychoanalytic work of Freud and Jung.
The Surrealists: Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, Max Ernst, Giorgio De Chirico, Joan Miro, Man Ray, and many others developed methods to liberate imagination.
Pablo Picasso
and the Bauhaus keep
Alive
It is believed that the above images are used in 'fair use' and do not infringe copyright. There are no known free alternative available.  According to section 107 of the United States Copyright Act of 1976: The fair use of a copyrighted work...for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.
Teachers of the Bauhaus School:  Wassily Kandinsky and Paul Klee.
The Abstract Expressionists (or The Modern Painters):
Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Willem De Kooning, Franz Klien and others.
Significant Pop Artists:
Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Richard Hamilton, Robert Indiana, James Rosenquist, Robert Rauschenberg, and others.
Before the time of recorded music, songs were sold in books of sheet music.
Tin Pan Alley
& Rag Time
 The Birth of SOUL music.
The first real fusion of gospel music and R&B beats came in 1954 with 
Ray Charles' 
"I Got a Woman."
landmark record
     Charles' formula was simple - and for some, shocking.  He transformed the traditional gospel hymn "I Got a Savior, Way Over Jordan" into "I Got a Woman" by secularizing the lyrics ('Savior' became 'woman,' and 'Jordan' became 'across town') and adding a rhythm-and-blues beat.  
     The result: . . . the blueprint for soul music, and an inspiration for other 'crossover' artists to incorporate their own gospel roots into their records. 
     Although black clergy vilified him, Ray Charles became nothing short of a hero to the rest of the black community.
     "I'd been singing spirituals since I was three, and I'd been hearing the blues just as long.  So what could be more natural than to combine them?"
In Charles' own words,
"It didn't take any thinking, 
it didn't take any calculating."
Indian residential schools, Indian Education Act, Public school segregation, school riots and protests,
Million Man March, assassinations of JFK, MLK, and Malcolm X, 
Women's rights to work (and equal pay), women's rights to vote, women's right to hold elected positions, the birth-control pill, the 1962 book, "Sex and the Single Girl" and following film(s). . . .
               Rock 'n' Roll music:
influenced by:                influence of:
So, what sparks the feedback?  What initiates the change?
What is needed to influence and spark social change?  
LOGIC          NATURAL CREATIVITY        COURAGE        PERSISTENCE
Essentially this presentation is packed full of landmark examples of innovation that have sparked significant changes in social culture.  Although these innovations were most often controversial, criticized, or considered taboo or even anarchist by the greater society, to the innovator the idea usually seems natural or even logical.  Often, the innovation that sparks the change is the simple combination of two or more things that already commonly exist in the culture.  

There are numerous examples that demonstrate this concept, but perhaps the best is that of Ray Charles' combination of traditional gospel hymns with a rhythm-and-blues beat to create the first Soul music.

Although such innovations seem to come quite naturally to their creators, they are usually met with much controversy or social backlash.  The initiators of change often need to demonstrate not only courage to face such public backlash (even sometimes outrage), but also persistence to get through it.  Once through the initial backlash, these 'sparks' are often deemed as being heroic or genius.

Muddy Waters' electric blues, Claude Monet and the early Impressionist painters,  Jackson Pollock's style of action painting, Elvis Presley / Sam Phillips' recording of 'Race music' hits, Salvador Dali and the Surrealists' reaction to the Expressionist painters as well as the work of Frued and Jung.
other great examples:
INDEPENDENCE
PART OF A GROUP
     
     As stated above, individuals that are able to innovate and spark change often must be persistent in the face of the controversy that their creations may bring upon them.  Such innovators must also be persistent in their dedication to their creation.  

Many of the great innovators that I have studied throughout this project are solid examples of such independent and persistent dedication to their work.  Vincent Van Gogh completed more than 800 paintings in the last decade of his life.  Although Claude Monet’s total of career output of paintings is unknown, more than a thousand images of his works can be found at The Athenaeum’s on-line gallery.  In fact, the outputs of most of the visual artists that are included in this presentation are quite overwhelming.  

Each of these innovative artists and musicians could be deemed as examples of an idea that I have recently read about, known as the ’10,000 hour principle’.  The ten thousand hour principle is a notion that in order for in individual to become expert in their field, he or she needs to spend over 10,000 hours independently devoted to practicing and honing their craft.

                                                        STRENGTH IN NUMBERS

     Artists are faced with a potential dichotomy.  There is of course the need to 
work independently, consistently working, creating, practicing and honing their craft.  This need for independence often clashes with the need to be part of a group or community of like-minded individuals who are also working to create change.  This has been particularly evident with artists such as Van Gogh, Pollock, or blues musicians like Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon, Howlin’ Wolf, or even Son House.

     It seems to me that in order for an individual to be part of a group or community of artists that is innovative and creating change, the individual must also be very productive independently.  Otherwise the individual is more of an outsider to the group.   None-the-less, there does seem to be a recurrent desire for artists who mostly work independently to be a part of a group or a community and to work collaboratively. 

The Regina Five, left to right: Ron Bloor, Art McKay, Doug Morton, Ken Lochhead, Ted Godwin
The Bauhaus School of Artists with Wassily Kandisky and Paul Klee.
From the left: Josef Albers, Hinnerk Scheper, Georg Muche, László Moholy-Nagy, Herbert Bayer, Joost Schmidt, Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Vassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Lyonel Feininger, Gunta Stölzl and Oskar Schlemmer.
Henre Fautin-Latour - The Impressionists (including Manet, Renoir, the critic Zola, Bazille, and Monet)
European surrealists in 1930. Front row: Tristan Tzara, Salvador Dali, Paul Eulard, Max Ernst, Rene Crevel. Back row: Man Ray, Jean Arp, Yves Tanguy, Andre Breton
American Abstract Expressionists, "The Irascibles." From left, rear: Willem de Kooning, Adolph Gottleib, Ad Reinhardt, Hedda Sterne;(next row) Richard Pousette-Dart, William Baziotes, Jimmy Ernst (w. bow tie), Jackson Pollock (in striped jacket), James Brooks, Clyfford Still (leaning on knee), Robert Motherwell, Bradley Walker Tomlin; (in foreground) Theodoros Stamos (on bench), Barnett Newman (on stool), Mark Rothko (with glasses), NY, NY, ca. 1950.
Paul Gauguin and Vincent Van Gogh (in Arles, France)
Andy Warhol with a group in his Silver Factory
Cream
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
The Yardbirds
The Rolling Stones
Led Zeppelin
Jeff Beck
Is Rock 'n' Roll dead?
Resources Used for This Project and Presentation: