Biology
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell with a Nucleus
Animal and Plant Cells


Cell without a Nucleus
Bacteria Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
The Organelles of the Animal Cell are . . .
Cell Membrane- surrounds the cell
Centrosome- where the microtubules are made
Cytoplasm- outside the cell nucleus
Golgi Apparatus- sac- like; packages proteins and
carbohydrates to leave the cell.
Lysosome- where digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
Mitochondrion- rod shaped; converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP.
Nuclear Membrane- surrounds nucleus





Nucleolus- within the nucleus; 
ribosomal RNA is produced
Nucleus- controls the cell.
Ribosomes- RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules 
Rough ER- transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks. 
Smooth ER- moves proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
Vacuole- fills with food being digested and waste material; leaves the cell 
The Organelles of the Plant Cell are . . .
Cell Membrane- surrounds the cell
Centrosome- where the microtubules are made
Chloroplast- contains chlorophyll; used during
photosynthesis. 
Cytoplasm- outside the cell nucleus.
Golgi Apparatus- sac- like; packages proteins and
carbohydrates to leave the cell.
Lysosome- where digestion of cell nutrients takes place.
Mitochondrion- rod shaped; converts the energy
stored in glucose into ATP.
Nuclear Membrane- surrounds nucleus

Nucleus- controls the cell.
Ribosomes- RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules 
Rough ER- transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks. 
Smooth ER- moves proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes.
Vacuole- fills with food being digested and waste material; leaves the cell 
Nucleolus- within the nucleus; 
ribosomal RNA is produced
Amyloplast- stores starch in 
some plants 
Bacteria
Prokaryotic cells are much more
simpler then eukaryotic cells. They lack a nucleus and organelles.
the study of life
Fluid Mosiac Model
 A model used to conceptualise cell membranes, in it, the membranes are described as a structually and functionally asymmetric lipid bilayer studded with embedded proteins that aid in cross-membrane transport. 


 
Active Transport
When cells must move materials in an opposite direction - against a concentration gradient. It requires Energy.

Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain (ETC) is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH is the electron donor for the ETC. Electron donation to the first complex (blue) and hydrogen ion pumping are coupled. The donated electrons are then passed to the first mobile carrier protein (pink).The electrons are then passed to the second complex (red). This transfer is again coupled with the pumping of hydrogen ions. Electrons are then passed to the second mobile carrier protein (purple). Next, the electrons are transferred to the third complex (orange).  While contained by the third complex, the electrons interact with oxygen and hydrogen ions. The reaction ends with hydrogen ions, or protons, being pumped across the membrane and the release of water molecules (H2O). The pumping of protons creates a proton gradient. The hydrogen ion pumping actions of the ETC are coupled with ATP synthesis.
 
 
 

Krebs Cycle
One GTP (guanosine triphosphate) is produced which eventually donates a phosphate group to ADP to form one ATP; three molecules of NAD are reduced; and one molecule of FAD is reduced.  Although one molecule of GTP leads to the production of one ATP, the production of the reduced NAD and FAD are far more significant in the cell's energy-generating process.  This is because NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to an electron transport system that generates large amounts of energy by forming many molecules of ATP.

Video of the Krebs Cycle
Photosythesis
6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2

Energy