Biology
Cellular metabolism
Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose for ATP
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Uses the ATP for energy
Produces ATP and NADH
Transtition Reaction
Takes place in mitrochondria
Converts its 3 carbon,2 molecule pyruvate into 2 molecules of 2 carbons
Krebs Cycle
Starts with 4 carbons.
2 carbons are connected to the 4 carbons to make 6 carbons total.
They travel to where 2 oxygen molecules are, the 2 o2 molecules take a carbon to make CO2.
The 5 carbons now travel to 2 more oxygen molecules, the 2 o2 molecules capture another carbon to make another CO2 molecule.
In the end there are 4 carbons and 2 CO2 molecules.
Electron transport chain
Takes place in mitochondria
Transfers electrons into ATP
Creates NADH,ATP and electrons.

parts of the cell
plasma membrane
rough e.r
nucleus
golgi
cell wall
cytoplasm
mitochondria
Cisternae
ribosomes
transport proteins
cisternae
forms from smooth er
mail center
ATP
makes energy for cell
"central command"
DNA
chunks of chromosomes

"border patrol"
phospholipid bilayer
regulates proteins.
liquid
plants only
cellulose

ribosomes
2 subunits
translates to DNA
found in rough e.r
and the cytoplasm
levels of organization
1st:biosphere
2nd:biome
3rd:ecosystem
4th:community
5th:population
6th:organism
experiments
the variable that you have control over is the independent
constant stays the same in an experiment
control is used for comparison
the order for experiments is problem,hypothesis,experiment, results and conclusion
the variable is changed
hypothesis is an educated guess.

organisms
all organisms are made of cells
adaptation is a change an animal makes to survive
homeostasis is the self-adjusting balance of life functions
an organism is a complete living thing
stimulus is anything that causes an organism to respond
atoms
in an atom. the number of protons is the same as electrons
electrons are on the orbital
electron and protons have oposite charges
most of the mass is in the nucleus
electron is - charged
protons is + charged
neutron is neutral
valance electrons are the electrons on the outermost ring
number of protons is the atomic number
atomic mass is protons minus electrons
in chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged.
catalyst peeds up chemical reactions
lewis dot diagrams represent the valence electrons
exothermic is when energy is released from the cell
endothermic means energy is absorbed into the cell

microscope
use coarse adjustment for low power
hooke invnted the first compound microscope
low to high power increases the size of the item
the objective lene is closest to the object
the ocular is the lens closest to the eye
Cell theory
organelles are structures within a living cell
cytoplasm is the fluid
plasma membrane regulates what goes in and out
chlorplasts store chlorophyll
plants cells have a large vacuole
cell theory states that cells come from cells,they are the basic unit
of structure and function and all living things are made of cells
"suicide sacs"is he lysosome

cellular transport
cell membrane-a boundary that encloses the cell
phospholipids-lipids made of phospate and 2 fatty acid
homeostasis-maintaining a stable internal envioronment
lipid bilayer- layers of phospholipids
selective permeability-some substances pass through, some dont
transport protein-structure that moves materials across the bilayer
water passes through membrane is active transport
too large molecule being removed is exocytosis
the cell shrinks when its hypotonic
the cell expands when its hypertonic
the cell stays the same when its isotonic
actice and passive are the 2 types of transports


diffusion-moves from high to low conc.
osmosis-diffusion of water
active transport-uses energy to move a substance
passive transport-cell does not use energy to move.
isotonic solution-water inside=water outside 
gradient-where diffusion takes place
carrier protein-bind to substances and change shape
channel protein-serve as tunnels through bilayer